养老机构衰弱及衰弱前期老年人社会支持现状及影响因素研究

Study on the status quo and influencing factors of social support for the elderly in debilitating and pre-debilitating agencies

目的研究养老机构衰弱及衰弱前期老年人社会支持现状及影响因素,为提高养老机构老年人社会支持状况、制定有效措施提供参考依据。方法选取2019年12月至2020年1月成都市8家养老机构符合纳入排除标准的衰弱及衰弱前期老年人436例作为调查对象。采用Fried衰弱表型量表(FP)评估老年人的衰弱状况,采用自制的一般情况调查表收集老年人的一般资料,采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)评估老年人社会支持情况。结果养老机构衰弱及衰弱前期老年人社会支持总分及3个维度得分分别为(28.01±6.89)、(15.91±3.51)、(6.33±3.42)、(5.76±2.00)分。低水平社会支持者94人(21.6%),中等水平社会支持者332人(76.1%),高水平社会支持者10人(2.3%)。单因素分析结果显示,不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、退休前职业、家庭人均月收入、生活费主要来源、医疗保险、居住环境、居住满意度、子女数量、子女探望频率的老年人社会支持总分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多重线性回归分析结果显示,性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、居住环境、居住满意度、子女探望频率可能是养老机构衰弱及衰弱前期老年人社会支持的影响因素(调整后R 2=0.238,F=12.295,P<0.05)。其中,性别(β=0.193)、文化程度(β=0.163)和婚姻状况(β=-0.234)是影响衰弱及衰弱前期老年人社会支持的重要影响因素。结论养老机构衰弱及衰弱前期老年人的社会支持现状不容乐观,家庭、养老机构管理人员及社会各界应对养老机构老年人的社会支持引起重视,及时采取有效措施,维持老年人健康的躯体心理状态,提高其生活质量,促进健康老龄化。

Objective To study the status quo and influencing factors of social support for the elderly in debilitating and debilitating pre-debilitating institutions,to provide a reference for improving the social support status of the elderly in elderly institutions and formulating effective measures.Methods From December 2019 to January 2020,436 cases of debilitating and pre-debilitating elderly who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in 8 elderly care institutions in Chengdu were selected as the survey objects.The Fried Frailty Phenotype Scale(FP)was used to assess the frailty status of the elderly.A self-made general survey form was used to collect general information on the elderly.The Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)was used to evaluate the social support of the elderly.Results The total score and three dimensions of social support for the elderly in frail and pre-failed elderly care institutions were(28.01±6.89),(15.91±3.51),(6.33±3.42)and(5.76±2.00)points,respectively.There were 94 low-level social supporters(21.6%),332 medium-level social supporters(76.1%),and 10 high-level social supporters(2.3%).The results of single factor analysis showed that,different gender,age,education level,marital status,pre-retirement occupation,family monthly income per capita,main source of living expenses,medical insurance,living environment,residential satisfaction,number of children,and children's visit frequency had different total scores of social support for the elderly.The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that,Gender,education level,marital status,family monthly income per capita,living environment,residential satisfaction,and frequency of visits by children might be influencing factors for the debilitating elderly care institutions and the social support of the elderly in the early stage of debilitating(adjusted R 2=0.238,F=12.295,P<0.05).Among them,gender(β=0.193),education level(β=0.163)and marital status(β=-0.234)were important factors affecting the social support of frail and pre-debilitated elderly.Conclusion The status quo of social support for the debilitating and debilitating pre-debilitated elderly is not optimistic.Families,senior care institution managers and all sectors of society should pay attention to the social support of the elderly in senior care institutions,and take effective measures in a timely manner to maintain a healthy physical and psychological state of the elderly,improve their quality of life,and promote healthy aging.