审美的可规定性与人性塑造

Regulation of Aesthetic and Molding of Human Nature

席勒在《审美教育书简》中,不仅揭示了审美教育的游戏冲动综合感性冲动和理性冲动的特点,而且揭开了审美教育使受教育者处于一种“可规定性”的自由状态,从而可以重新塑造人性,使人成为全面发展的人和人性完整的人。这种“可规定性”状态,在中国古代传统美学思想中被描述为一种通过“心斋”“坐忘”“凝神观照”而达到的“虚静”的审美自由状态,成为中国古代传统美学思想中的一种审美教育和文艺创作的最佳境界。借鉴当代西方哲学和美学的现象学观点来看,这种“可规定性”和“虚静”的审美自由状态,也就是一种现象学还原,悬置了一切现实的利害冲突,在审美直觉之中“面向事实本身”,从而达到“本质直观”,使得世界和人性都回到本真状态,从而能够塑造出本真的人性和全面发展的人。

How does aesthetic education shape human nature?Only by uncovering the mystery can we better carry out aesthetic education according to the characteristics and laws of aesthetic education.Schiller not only reveals the characteristics of the game impulse of aesthetic education,which combines emotional impulse and rational impulse,but also reveals that aesthetic education makes the educated in a Nature that can be specified free state,which can reshape human nature and make it complete.This Nature is described in the ancient Chinese traditional aesthetic thought as a″virtual and static″aesthetic freedom state through″meditation″,″sitting and forgetting″and″gazing attentively″,which has become the best state of aesthetic education and literary creation in the ancient Chinese traditional aesthetic thought.From the phenomenological point of view of contemporary western philosophy and aesthetics,this Nature is also a phenomenological restoration,suspending all conflicts of interests in reality,and″facing the fact itself″in aesthetic intuition,thus achieving″essential intuition″,and making the world and human nature return to the true state,thus shaping the true human nature and the all-round development of human beings.From the perspective of specific operation,there are mainly three steps:first,to guide the educated to treat the aesthetic object and artistic object with aesthetic attitude;second,to guide the educated to enter the world of aesthetic image and artistic image;third,to receive non-mandatory education in the emotional infection of aesthetic image and artistic image,and to mold their humanity,personality and all-round development with the unified value of truth,goodness and beauty.