Fingerprint matching,spoof and liveness detection:classification and literature review

Fingerprint matching,spoof mitigation and liveness detection are the trendiest biometric techniques,mostly because of their stability through life,uniqueness and their least risk of invasion.In recent decade,several techniques are presented to address these challenges over well-known data-sets.This study provides a comprehensive review on the fingerprint algorithms and techniques which have been published in the last few decades.It divides the research on fingerprint into nine different approaches including feature based,fuzzy logic,holistic,image enhancement,latent,conventional machine learning,deep learning,template matching and miscellaneous tech-niques.Among these,deep learning approach has outperformed other approaches and gained significant attention for future research.By reviewing fingerprint literature,it is historically divided into four eras based on 106 referred papers and their cumulative citations.