三权分置问题的理论困境与历史解读——以传统永佃制的比较研究为视角

The Theoretical Dilemma and Historical Interpretation of the Separation of Three Rights——From the Perspective of Comparative Study of the Tenancy in Perpetuity System in the Traditional Society

三权分置是在当代两权分离的地权制度供给不足的情况下,提出的重大制度改革和创新。“三权分置”意味着土地集体所有权、土地承包经营权、土地经营权等多项权利并存于土地之上,其权利结构与严密的物权体系无法相容,存在诸多理论争议。理论冲突的根源,在于土地的多重价值与所有权制度的不相容性。基于传统社会的永佃制与三权分置在权利结构、制度功能等方面的一致性,永佃制在地权分配、制度设置等方面对当代三权分置具有历史借鉴意义。从历史传承和发展的角度来看,宜修正和完善一物一权主义,使之适应社会现实的发展,将三权分置中的土地经营权设定为物权,并沿用实践中的固有词汇解决新旧法的衔接问题。

The separation of three rights is a major institutional reform and innovation put forward under the situation of insufficient supply of land ownership structure system with the separation of two rights.“Separation of three rights”means that a number of rights,such as collective ownership of land,contract management right of land and management right of land,coexist on land.Its right structure is incompatible with the strict property right system,leading to many theoretical disputes.The root of the theoretical conflict lies in the incompatibility between the multiple values of land and the ownership system.Based on the consistency between the tenancy in perpetuity system in the traditional society and the separation of three rights in the structure of rights and the function of system,the tenancy in perpetuity system has historical significance in the distribution of land rights and the setting of system.From the perspective of historical inheritance and development,it is advisable to amend and improve the principle of one thing one right to adapt to the development of social reality,set the land management right as the real right and use the inherent vocabulary in practice to solve the problem of linkage between the new and old laws.