中国古代郎主称谓辨析

An Analysis of the Title of Langzhu in Ancient China

郎主是中国古代特有的称谓,主要含义是家奴对家主的尊称、妻妾对夫主的尊称以及后来对少数民族政权君长的称呼。郎主称谓首次出现于南北朝的刘宋,在唐诗作品中较为多见。南宋以后郎主成为辽金政权君主的代称,在南宋文人士大夫的影响下,后世的文学作品中郎主也大多代指北方少数民族政权的君主或贵族。然而,郎主称谓并非是少数民族政权内部对君主的尊称,而是汉族视角下的一种称呼。明清时期又出现的“狼主”一词是郎主称谓发展变化中出现的异写。

Langzhu(the male master,lang being an honorific title for the male and zhu being a title for the master)is a special title in ancient China,which is mainly used to address the family host by slaves,to address the husband by the wife and concubines,and later to address the head of the minority government.The title first appears in the Liu Song Dynasty of the Southern and Northern Dynasties,and is further developed in the Tang Dynasty,common in poems.After the Southern Song Dynasty,Langzhu becomes the name for the monarch of the Liao-Jin regime.Influenced by the scholars and bureaucrats of the Southern Song Dynasty,in most of the later literary works,the monarchs or nobility of the northern minority regimes are also referred to as Langzhu.However,Langzhu is not the honored title for the monarch within the minority regime,but a title from the perspective of Han Nationality.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,another Langzhu(lang meaning a wolf)appears as a variant.