民法典视野下我国商事习惯的司法适用

Judicial Application of Commercial Custom of China from the Perspective of Civil Code

商事习惯作为制定法之后的补充法源,既是商人的行为准则,也是重要的司法裁判依据。分析既有裁判文书可以发现,在民商合一路径引导下,我国司法实践并未将民商事习惯的适用约束机制同质化,商事习惯表现出独立于我国《民法典》第10条的适用路径。然而,商事习惯识别标准的模糊、填补商法漏洞的不足以及与民法规范适用顺位的分歧,影响了商事习惯司法功能的发挥。从我国审判实践出发,应将“习惯”理解为事实上的习惯;在此基础上,商事习惯的识别标准应坚持外观性标准和合理性标准。在适用顺位上,商事习惯应优先于民法任意性规范和旨在保护法律关系中弱者的民法强制性规范,以满足商法体系法源的自足性。与此同时,应借助商事习惯填补因商业创新和矫正我国《民法典》对商事活动特殊性关照缺失而产生的商法漏洞,以此助推良好营商环境的塑造。

The Commercial custom,as a supplementary source of law subsequent to statutes,is not only a code of conduct for businessmen,but also an important basis for judicial adjudication.Empirical research shows that under the guidance of the civil and commercial integration approach,the mechanisms of restricting the application of civil and commercial customs are not homogenized in judicial practice,and the commercial custom is applied in an independent approach from that stipulated in Article 10 of the Civil Code.However,the ambiguous standard of identifying commercial custom,the insufficiency in making up loopholes of commercial law and different opinions on the order of application of civil legal norms have affected the judicial function of commercial custom.From the perspective of trial practice in China,"custom"should be understood as de facto custom;On this basis,for the identification of commercial custom,the standard of appearance and the standard of rationality should be adhered to.For the order of application,commercial custom should take precedence over the jus dispositivum of civil law and the jus cogens of civil law aiming at protecting the underprivileged party of a legal relation,so as to meet the self-satisfaction of the source of law in commercial law system.At the same time,commercial custom should be adopted for the active response to commercial innovation and correction of the lack of special care for commercial activities in the Civil Code,so as to help shape a good business environment.