论人工智能法律主体的法哲学基础

On Legal Philosophical Basis for Artificial Intelligence as a Legal Subject

当下人工智能主体学说面临诸多问题,需从法哲学视角予以审视。就人工智能本体而言,其行为具有自主性,不宜纯粹以客体相待;从他者期望视角观察,人工智能拥有道德责任能力,系道德主体。法律主体理论经历了由自然人有限人格到全面人格,再到自然人、法人综合人格的演化过程,呈现客观化趋势,不唯理性、意志等主观要素论,其为人工智能法律主体提供了栖居空间。在目的论意义上,人工智能能够推动积极向善,助力美好生活,实现显著的经济社会价值,作为法律主体具有合目的性。在当代,传统主体哲学转向,人的哲学危机引发新思考,尤其是人类中心主义的主体-客体范式发生变化,客体主体化的历史经验及当代实践显现一种哲学可能性,即主体不限于人,从而强化了人工智能法律主体的可能性。

At present,theories on artificial intelligence as a subject face many problems,thus it is necessary to examine it from the perspective of legal philosophy.As far as artificial intelligence itself is concerned,its behavior is autonomous and cannot be treated purely as an object;from the perspective of the expectation of others,artificial intelligence has the ability of moral responsibility and thus is a moral subject.The theory on legal subject has evolved from the limited personality of natural persons to the complete personality of natural persons,and then to the comprehensive personality of natural and legal persons,showing the objectivity-oriented trend and not only depending on subjective elements such as ration and will,and thus provides space for artificial intelligence as a legal subject.In the sense of teleology,artificial intelligence can promote the access to good,help a better life,and realize significant economic and social value,thus it is teleological as a legal subject.In contemporary times,the traditional philosophy on subject turns its direction,and the philosophical crisis of human has triggered new thinking,especially the anthropocentric subject-object paradigm changes,and the historical experience and contemporary practice of an object becoming a subject reveal a philosophical possibility:subjects are not limited to humans,which strengthens the possibility of artificial intelligence becoming a legal subject.