关于物权法原则的认识误区和实务影响——从德国物权法角度的思考

Misunderstanding about the Principles of Real Right Law and Its Impact on the Practice Thoughts from German Real Right Law Perspective

“物权”中的“物”不应当排除属于“无体物”的权利,“物权”的范围应当仅仅依照其基本法律特征来界定,不受物理特征限制。“物权法定”不应仅限于立法者的“创设”,也可以由司法裁判来“被动确认”。新物权的确认应当从实际需要出发,不拘泥于名称。“让与担保”的本质是所有权的担保运用,并非需要创设的非典型担保物权,参照适用担保物权的现有规则有违各方的意思自治和真正利益诉求。在现有物权法体系接受“分离原则”但拒绝“无因原则”的框架下,“物权行为”需要依靠“债权行为”的规则(如债权合意)来促使其成功,现有的债权和民法总则的规定尚不能满足其全部需求。“无因原则”的反向理解(“有因原则”)应注重对因果关系的正确分析,其并非担保物权从属性的理论基础。对物权法原则的解释应当宜“宽”不宜“严”,尽可能为实务留下空间。

The property referred to in the real rights law shall not exclude intangible property like rights.The scope of real rights shall be defined solely on the basis of its basic legal features and not limited by its physical characteristics.The principle of numerus clausus shall not be fixed to the establishment by legislators and could be also the passive recognition by the jurisprudence.The determination of new types of real rights shall follow the actual needs of the practice and not restricted by the name.The nature of security transfer is the application of ownership for security purpose and not an untypical security real right which requires to be established,and applying the existing rules of security real rights countervails the private autonomy and does not meet the real interest of the parties.Under the current framework of the real right law which accepts the principle of distinction but rejects the principle of abstraction,the actions of real rights need to rely on the rules for the actions of contracts(like contractual consensus)for the realization,whereby the laws of contracts and general provisions of the civil law is yet in the position to meet all its requirements.The reversed understanding of the principle of abstraction(i.e.the principle of causality)shall focus on the proper analysis of causality which is not the theoretical basis of the principle of accessory for security real rights.The interpretation of basic principles of real right law shall be rather tolerant than restrictive and leave space to the practice.