叔孙通制礼再评析——以与同时期儒生的联合考察为中心

Rediscussion of the etiquette formulated by Shu Suntong:Focusing on the joint investigation with the Confucians in the same period

《史记·叔孙通列传》中所涉及的儒者群体主要有博士诸儒生、叔孙通之弟子及鲁生。他们在汉初儒学不受重视、武功之臣当用的社会背景下呈现出明显的分野:不愿妥协于现实政治和官场的人群,成为了秉持先秦儒家传统的、中规中矩的传统儒生,亦即“纯儒”;为谋官职、利益而投身政治、迎合政治需求的人群,便成为官僚化、利禄化的儒生。叔孙通由于深受齐鲁文化滋养,其儒学素养、功底、基础都是十分扎实的,其儒者身份是毋庸置疑的;其以仕宦原则事汉,开儒生群体事君之滥觞,具有首创性及奠基性;而其所制之礼不同于古礼,很大程度上是由汉初社会历史现实与文献典籍的缺失造成的。

The main groups of Confucians involved in The History Records:Shu Suntong Biography were court academicians,disciples of Shu Suntong and Confucians from Lu state.They showed a clear distinction in the early Han Dynasty when Confucianism was not valued and warriors were used.Those who did not want to compromise in the real politics had become the traditional Confucians that adhered to the Pre-Qin tradition,who we called“pure Confucians”;those who devoted themselves to politics and catered to the political needs in order to seek official positions and interests had become“Bureaucratic and profit-oriented Confucian scholars”.Shu Suntong was deeply nourished by Qi-lu culture and there was no doubt about his status as a Confucian with his solid foundation and accomplishment about Confucianism.His violation of the Pre-Qin tradition was a contradiction in reality and this was the beginning of Confucians participating in politics.The etiquette made by Shu Suntong,which was different from the ancient ceremony,was largely caused by the lost of social history and literature books in the early Han Dynasty.