二程“敬”思想研究

Research on Er CHENG′s Thought of"Jing"

宋代儒家学者的处世态度是为天地立心,为生民立命,为往圣继绝学,为万世开太平。所以宋代儒学的追求在于“内圣外王”,内达于立心,外达于为万世开太平。宋学是不同于汉学的新的儒学,是对于汉学的“反动”,这种“反动”的一个具体方面便是:宋学追求“内圣”,进一步来讲是宋儒的修养论、工夫论。自佛学传入中国,儒、佛、道等在思想领域激烈交锋,更见于心性方面。“敬”是中国传统思想中的重要一环,二程将“敬”拿出来加以阐释,作为他们的修养工夫论,来与佛、道交锋。“敬”是二程修养工夫论的核心。但在具体的修养工夫实践中,程颢持“敬”活泼直接,程颐持“敬”严谨繁杂,从而导致二程的修养思想偏重有所不同。在二程之后,程门弟子对于“敬”也各有其认知,从而使“敬”的修养思想在儒家哲学体系中逐步确立。

The attitude of Confucians of the Song Dynasty was to set up their mind for heaven and earth,to work for the sake of the people and the sacred school,and to open peace for all generations.Therefore,the pursuit of Confucianism in Song Dynasty lay in the"inner sage and external king",which means that the inner extension was to establish the mind,and external extension to open peace for the world.Song School was a new Confucianism different from Han School,which was a reaction to Sinology,one of the concrete aspects of whose was to be"inner sage",or self-cultivation and Kung Fu theory of the Song Confucianism if further speaking.Since the introduction of Buddhism into China,Confucianism,Buddhism,and Taoism have fought fiercely in the ideological field,even more within the mind."Jing"was an important part of traditional Chinese thought.Er CHENG chose the Chinese character"Jing"and expounded it as their cultivation theory to confront Buddhism and Taoism."Jing"was the core of Er CHENG′s cultivation and Kung Fu theory.However,in the practice of specific cultivation,CHENG Hao′s"Jing"was lively and square,while CHENG Yi′s"Jing"was rigorous and complicated,which led to the different emphasis of Er CHENG′s cultivation thoughts.After Er CHENG,their disciples also had their own understanding of"Jing",so that the cultivation thought of"Jing"was gradually established in the Confucian philosophy system.