我国青少年短跑运动员神经类型与运动素质相关性研究

Study on the Relationship Between Nerve Types and Sports Quality of Chinese Adolescent Sprinters

目的:探讨我国青少年男、女短跑运动员神经类型分布特点及与部分运动素质指标的相关性,为我国青少年短跑后备人才的培养、选材指标的确定提供理论和实践参考。方法:选取参加2018-2019年全国奥林匹克短跨基地苗子集训营的115名青少年短跑运动员为测试对象,采集被试80-8神经类型测试量表、30m、60m、100m、立定跳远、跳深跳测试(DJ)数据,并对结果进行比较和分析。结果:女生80-8量表测试得分、素质得分和漏百分率上优于男生,组间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。男生兴奋型(27.94)、灵活型(25%)占比较高,女生灵活型(26.67%)、兴奋型(22.22%)、亚兴奋型(13.33%)占比较高,神经类型的百分率不存在性别上的差异(P>0.05)。男生:60m与错百分率、平均得分和素质得分呈低、中度相关(R=0.235;R=-0.317;R=0.409);100m与平均得分和素质得分均呈中度相关(R=-0.450;R=-0.413);立定跳远与平均得分、素质得分均呈低度相关(R=0.284;R=0.260);DJ腾空高度、DJ离地速度和冲量均与平均得分呈低度相关(R=0.283;R=0.284;R=0.247)。女生:100m和立定跳远与平均得分呈低度相关(R=-0.348;R=0.344);DJ腾空高度和DJ离地速度与平均得分呈显著中度相关(R=0.531;R=0.405)。结论:神经类型可作为青少年短跑运动员重要的生理心理选材指标,选材中应考虑优先选择神经类型为灵活型和兴奋型的儿童青少年。

Objective:To explore the distribution characteristics of nerve types of male and female sprinters in China,and the correlation with some sports quality indexes,so as to provide theoretical and practical reference for the cultivation of reserve talents and the determination of selection indexes.Methods:115 adolescent sprinters who participated in Miaozi training camp of National Olympic short span base from 2018 to 2019 were selected as the test objects.The data of 80-8 neural type test scale,30m,60m,100m,standing long jump and deep jump test(DJ)were collected,and the results were compared and analyzed.Results:the scores of 80-8 scale test,quality score and leakage rate of female students were better than those of male students,and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).The percentage of excitable type(27.94%)and flexible type(25%)of male students were higher than that of female students(26.67%),excited type(22.22%)and yaxingfen type(13.33%).There was no gender difference in the percentage of nerve types(P>0.05).Male students:60m had low and moderate correlation with error percentage,average score and quality score(r=0.235;r=-0.317;r=0.409);100m had moderate correlation with average score and quality score(r=-0.450;r=-0.413);standing long jump had low correlation with average score and quality score(r=0.284;r=0.260);DJ's takeoff height,DJ's ground speed and impulse were all low-level with average score Correlation(r=0.283;r=0.284;r=0.247).Female students:100m and standing long jump had low correlation with average score(r=-0.348;r=0.344);DJ's flying height and DJ's ground leaving speed had significant moderate correlation with average score(r=0.531;r=0.405).Conclusion:nerve type can be used as an important physiological and psychological selection index for adolescent sprinters,and priority should be given to the selection of children and adolescents whose nerve types are flexible and excited.