体育、武士与文明化进程——人类学视角下埃利亚斯的体育观

Sport, Warrior and the Civilization Process——Elias’s View on Sports from the Perspective of Anthropology

诺贝特·埃利亚斯的体育社会学研究初始于莱斯特大学时期,他将"体育"这一社会学问题放置在文明化进程中予以研究,并提出"体育化"以模拟近现代社会竞技比赛的历史进程。跟随埃利亚斯考察古希腊时期的竞技比赛及其社会结构,文章指出古代竞技与现代体育并非同源,以文明化进程中暴力相关因素(国家机制及形成过程、暴力垄断的社会控制、暴力的内在化约束、良知等)为线索勾勒出一条连接古希腊奥利匹克竞技——中世纪比武大赛与民间体育——现代体育的文明化链条。同时,从人类学角度,以暴力和武士精神为切入点,进一步廓清埃利亚斯对古希腊竞技比赛和体育运动的分野论证,二者前后分别指向希腊武士和日耳曼武士(中世纪骑士)两种武士类型。而基督教化改革建立了普遍的内在和平性,彻底剥离了暴力作为生活样式的可能性,体育成为第三等级(大众生产者)"制造"和维系武士精神之道德和激情的现代路径。

Norbert Elias’s research on the sociology of sport began at the University of Leicester.He placed the sociological problem of"sports"in the civilization process research,and proposed"sportization"to simulate the historical process of modern social competitions.Following Elias’s investigation of athletic competition and its social structure in ancient Greece,this article points out that ancient athletics and modern sports are not of the same origin,and takes violence-related factors(state mechanism and formation process,social control of violence monopoly,internalization of violence and conscience)as a clue to outline a civilized chain which links"Ancient Greek Olympiad-Medieval Tournament and Folk Sports-Modern Sports".At the same time,from the perspective of anthropology,this article takes violence and warrior spirit as the starting point to further clarify Elias’s argument on the distinction between athletic competition and sports in ancient Greece,which point to the Greek warriors and the Germanic warriors(the medieval knights)respectively.The Christianization reform established a universal inner-peace,and completely stripped of the possibility of violence as a life style,as a result,sport has become a way for the third class(the mass producers)to"create"and maintain the morality and passion of the warrior spirit in modern times.