网球发球力学:研究进展与趋势

Review: Latest Progress in Biomechanics Research of Tennis Serve

网球发球具备技术精湛、动作复杂和高损伤风险特征,相关研究主要集中在运动生物力学方向。文章通过梳理国内外网球发球力学研究进展,总结技术动作规律,分析损伤制因和创新器械结构,为网球发球力学特征提供系统的理论模型。研究表明:国内网球发球研究应当拓宽研究角度,加强实验设计严谨性,选取指标时注重全面性和针对性原则。平击发球击球力量来源于肩关节内旋(Internal Rotation, IR),末端关节调控击球点参数,形态学特征对发球质量影响较大,但更取决于训练因素和技术表现。击球点空间位置、拍面角度、速度分量和旋转速率是决定不同类型和不同落点发球的关键指标。提高网球发球隐蔽性能够增加接发球方提取预判信息的难度,进而提高发球质量。发球过程中易损伤部位发生于腰部(Low Back Pain, LBP)、脊柱(Lumbar)、肩关节(SLAP)和上肢关节,挠背和随挥阶段是各部位出现损伤风险最高的时段。球拍材质、质量分布(Mass Distribution)、惯性矩(Moment of Inertia)、"感觉"(Felling)和线床(String bed)与球员个人喜好、形态学特征、技战术素养等因素密切相关。研究显示,网球发球力学研究逐渐从总结技术规律、损伤致因向各关节力学特征、动力学指标、器械创新和研究动态化趋势过渡。

Tennis serve has the characteristics of exquisite technique,complex movement and high risk of injury.Relevant studies mainly focus on sports biomechanics.By reviewing the progress in research of tennis serve mechanics at home and abroad,this paper aims to summarize the law of technical action,analyze the damage mechanism and innovate the instrument structure,and provide a systematic theoretical model for the characteristics of tennis serve mechanics.The research indicates that the domestic tennis service research should broaden the research angle,focus on the rigor of the experimental design,and pay attention to the comprehensive and targeted principle when selecting the indexes.The hitting force of the flat service ball comes from the ir-internal Rotation of the shoulder joint,and the end joint regulates the parameters of the hitting point.The morphological characteristics have a great influence on the quality of the serve,but it depends more on the training factors and technical performance.The spatial position of the hitting point,the angle of the racket face,the component of speed and the rate of rotation are the key indexes to determine the different types and different drop points of serve.Improving the concealment of service can increase the difficulty of the receiver to extract the information of anticipation and improve the quality of service.Serve injury mainly occurs at the waist(LBP-the Lower Back Pain),spine,lumbar,shoulder joint(SLAP)and upper limb joints,finish stage and back stage are the moments when the highest risk damage may occur.Racket material,mass distribution,moment of inertia,felling and string bed have close link with such factors as individual’s preference,morphological characteristics,technology and tactics.The research trend shows that the study of tennis service mechanics is gradually transiting from summarizing the technical rules and the causes of damage to the mechanical characteristics of each joint,dynamic indexes,instrument innovation and dynamic research.