山东农村保教人员的形象重塑与自我认同(1949—1961)

Image Construction and Self Identification of Rural Childcare Staff in Shandong Province(1949-1961)

儿童照管作为一项传统的妇女家务劳动,伴随着农村社会变革对劳动力结构的调整进入公共领域。山东农村保教群体应运而生,最初主要由老年妇女组成。顺应社会发展需要,妇联在高级社成立初期调整了保教队伍,要求政治清白、身体健康、热爱儿童、有文化的青壮年妇女担任保教人员。然而,许多被指派到岗的青壮年妇女对这项工作缺乏认同感。对此,官方采取思想教育、表彰奖励、技能培训等方式重塑职业属性、改造职业群体。重塑和改造取得效果,保教人员在工分依然偏低的情况下认同自我、做出成绩。中华人民共和国成立初期以保教为代表的服务型劳动的发生与发展,说明家务劳动男女不平等、“妇女解放”话语主要针对青壮年妇女等问题。

Childcare,as a traditional women′s domestic work,entered the public with the adjustment of the labor structure along with rural social changes in early P.R.C periods.The first-generation childcare workers were mainly composed of older women.In response to the needs of social development,the Women′s Federation adjusted the childcare staff and required young women who were politically innocent,healthy,child-loving,and educated to serve as childcare workers.However,many young women assigned to the job site lacked career identity.In order to cultivate the childcare workers,the official began to reshape professional attributes and transform career groups.The remodeling and transformation achieved results.The childcare staff recognized themselves and made achievements while the labor points were still low.The stories of childcare workers in the early years of New China shows new perspective of Chinese women′s liberation.