内部与外部保障对无工作者就业意愿的影响研究--采用中国劳动力动态调查数据的异质性分析

Research on the Impact of Internal and External Security on the Employment Willingness of Unemployed People:Analysis of Heterogeneity Based on Dynamic Survey Data of China's Labor Force

无工作劳动力在无工作期间的生活保障既包括来自家庭外部的社会保险及政府救济等,也包括来自家庭内部的储蓄及资产收入等。由于信息不对称及道德风险的存在,外部保障可能引发“福利依赖”效应而降低无工作劳动力的就业意愿,也可能通过补贴工作搜寻成本而提高其就业意愿;而内部保障则会对无工作劳动力产生直接的就业压力,进而提高其就业意愿,且其失业对家庭生活的影响越大,这种就业意愿促进效应越强。采用“中国劳动力动态调查”2012年、2014年和2016年数据的分析表明:内部保障会显著提升城镇户籍的、家庭常规消费水平较低的无工作劳动力的就业意愿,但对农村户籍的、家庭常规消费水平较高的无工作劳动力的就业意愿没有显著影响;外部保障会显著降低各类无工作劳动力的就业意愿,而且会显著提高其家庭旅游消费支出(内部保障的影响不显著)。此外,相对城镇户籍的、东部地区的无工作劳动力,农村户籍的、中西部地区的无工作劳动力就业意愿更低。因此,在为无工作者提供必要的生活保障以维护社会稳定的同时,一方面要积极推进经济高质量发展,为欠发达地区农村户籍劳动力提供更多的就业机会;另一方面也要进一步营造劳动光荣的社会风尚,积极探索外部保障的就业激励机制和途径,提高无工作劳动力的就业意愿,以更好地促进就业和保障民生。

The living security of unemployed labors during no-working period includes both social security,governmental relief and so on in the external of the families and the savings,assets income and so on in internal families.Because of the existence of information asymmetry and moral risk,the external security may trigger“welfare dependence”effect to reduce the employment willingness of jobless labors but can use the subsidy for working search cost to increase their employment willingness,however,the internal security can produce direct employment pressure on jobless labors to enhance their employment willingness,the more the unemployment affects the family lives,the stronger this employment willingness promotion effect is.The analysis based on the data of China's labor force dynamic survey in 2012,in 2014 and in 2016 shows that internal security can significantly improve the employment willingness of jobless labors with urban household register and with low family conventional consumption level but has no significant effect on the employment willingness of jobless labors with rural household register and with high family conventional consumption level.External security can obviously reduce the employment willingness of all kinds of jobless labors and can significantly improve their family tourism consumption expenditure(the effect of internal security is not significant.).In addition,the employment willingness of jobless labors with rural household register in middle and west areas is lower than that of jobless labors with urban household register in east area.Therefore,while the governments provide the necessary living security to maintain social stability for jobless labors,on the one hand,the governments should actively push forward economic high quality development and provide more employment opportunities for the labors with rural household register in less-developed areas,on the other hand,the governments should further create the social atmosphere with working being glorious,actively explore the employment incentive mechanism of external security,and raise the employment willingness of jobless labors so as to better boost the employment and people’s livelihood guarantee.