酒及经典名方中酒制方法的考证与梳理

Herbal Textual Research on Classical Prescription of Medicinal Alcoholic Beverage

酒在我国药用历史悠久,通过查阅相关历代本草、医籍、方书及出土文献,对经典名方中所用之酒的字形含义、以酒入药历史、以酒为辅料用于药物炮制的历史延革进行了考证,以期为经典名方的开发提供参考。经考证,入药用酒在明代以前基本为乙醇浓度较低的粮食酿造酒;元代开始引入蒸馏酒;明代酒被分为米酒、烧酒、葡萄酒3类,米酒、烧酒均有入药用;自唐宋起各医家均强调入药佐使以糯米为原料,用白曲所酿的糯米酒为正。因此,建议《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》(以下简称《目录》)中所收载汉代名方“瓜蒌薤白半夏汤”及清代名方“五味消毒饮”采用《中华人民共和国药典》(以下简称《中国药典》)2020年版所载的黄酒,其原料为糯米,曲用白曲,具体工艺和质量标准可参考《黄酒》GB/T 13662—2018“传统型黄酒”中的“干黄酒”。《目录》中所收载的“酒洗”“酒浸”“酒制”“酒炒”等法本意皆为用酒将药材进行润透处理后采取不同方法进行干燥,均为《中国药典》2020年版所载“酒炙法”的前身,具体炮制方法的选用需遵循历史演变情况。

Alcoholic beverage has a long medicinal history in China.In this article,by referring to the relevant ancient herbal medicine books with the help of various archaeological remains,the author makes a textual research on the meaning of the glyph of the alcoholic beverage used in the classical prescriptions,in order to provide reference of textual research on the development of the classical prescriptions.According to the textual research,the alcoholic beverage used in medicine before the Ming Dynasty was basically grain brewing wine,with low alcohol concentration,distilled liquor was introduced in the Yuan Dynasty and the wine of the Ming Dynasty was divided into three categories of rice wine,liquors and wine,all of which were used in medicine.However,since the Tang and Song Dynasties,all the doctors emphasized that the alcoholic beverage used in medicine was made with white qu and glutinous rice.Therefore,the alcoholic beverage used in Han Dynasty famous recipe″Gualou Xiebai Banxia Soup″and Qing Dynasty famous recipe of″Wuwei Xiaodu Drink″contained in the ancient Classic Recipe Catalogue(the first batch)was recommended to adopt the yellow rice wine listed in the 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia.The raw material is glutinous rice with white qu,the specific technology and quality standard can be referred to the″dry yellow rice wine″in national standard GB/T 13662—2018.The methods of″wine washing″″wine soaking″″wine making″and″wine stir-frying″contained in the ancient list of famous prescriptions(the first batch)are all intended to use alcoholic beverage to moisten the medicinal materials and then adopt different methods to dry them.In fact,they are the predecessor of the method of″stir-frying with wine″contained in the 2020 of edition Chinese pharmacopoeia.The selection of specific processing methods should follow the historical evolution.