以科层制破除人情网:企业家张元济的关系网络心态考察

Breaking the Network with Bureaucracy:An Investigation on the Network Mentality of Entrepreneur Zhang Yuanji

关系网络普遍存在于各类组织(包括企业)之中,有强弱之分。自1914年时任商务印书馆总经理的夏瑞芳遇刺身亡,到1929年鲍咸昌病故于总经理任上,此十多年间,张元济与"教会派"主要人物高凤池之间围绕人事问题进行了长期博弈。高凤池等"教会派"人士倾向于依靠强关系网络(人情网)来选拔人才,所进中高阶人才多与"教会派"沾亲带故,这在早期曾促进商务印书馆迅速起飞,但五四新文化运动后,人情网逐渐成为其发展的桎梏。张元济则致力于制定一系列基于弱关系网络的制度,以科层制消除人情网的负面效应,并引进王云五,实现了弱关系心态的代际流动。张元济的关系网络心态是中国出版业现代化转型在个人身上的投影,一定程度上奠定了中国近现代出版企业制度的基础。

Networks generally exist in various organizations(including enterprises),which can be strong or weak.Since Xia Ruifang,the general manager of the Commercial Press at the time,was assassinated in 1914,and then Bao Xianchang died as general manage in 1929.Over the next decade,Zhang Yuanji and Gao Fengchi who was the main figure of the"church faction"had been engaged in long-term game involving personnel issues.The"church faction"headed by Gao Fengchi tended to rely on a strong network(nepotism)to select staff.Most of the middle and high-level staff entered the company through the"church faction",which promoted the rapid take-off of business in the early days,but after the May Fourth Movement,nepotism gradually became a shackle for the company.Zhang Yuanji was committed to formulating a series of institutions based on the weak network to eliminate the negative effects of the network and replace it with the bureaucracy.Besides,he recruited Wang Yunwu and realized the intergenerational flow of weak ties mentality.Zhang Yuanji’s network mentality was a personal projection of the modern transformation of Chinese publishing industry.To a certain extent,he had laid the foundation for the modernization Chinese publishing enterprises.