约翰·拉斯金建筑理论中的历史意识 《威尼斯之石》评述

The Historical Consciousness in Architectural Theory of John Ruskin Book Review of The Stones of Venice

文章通过解读约翰·拉斯金的建筑理论文本《威尼斯之石》研究其历史意识和当代意义。首先,拉斯金从历史地理视角对威尼斯本土的建造传统做出了深入解析,提示了历史保护的态度——建筑的新与旧的关系是一种不断叠印、融合的历史性过程,新建之物附着于传统产生家园的栖居感。其次,拉斯金并置哥特和文艺复兴时期的建筑,力图挖掘早期艺术对于当代的价值。第三,拉斯金通过对哥特工匠勇于创造精神的赞扬,导向一种活泛的思想方法,即了解历史、保护遗产的最终目的都是为了更好地服务于当代人的创造。最后引出拉斯金的历史意识并非泥古,也并未否定当代建筑师作为实践主体的价值,而是身处于历史场域的建筑师需真正重视城市的地理与历史叠印下的空间层累与场所性格。重读拉斯金的《威尼斯之石》一书对于理解西方建筑学价值观流变背后的社会、文化语境有其必要性,在建筑学文化内省的氛围下,重温拉斯金的建筑理论和思想遗产能够带来崭新的现代启示。

The paper studies the historical consciousness and contemporary significance of the architectural theory literature The Stone of Venice by John Ruskin.First of all,from the perspective of historical geography,Ruskin makes an in-depth analysis of Venetian local construction tradition and suggests the attitude on historical conservation—the relationship between the new and the old buildings is a historical process of constantly overlapping and merging,and the newly-built artifacts are attached to the tradition,resulting in a sense of dwelling.Secondly,Ruskin juxtaposes Gothic and Renaissance architecture and explores the value of early art to the contempora ry.Thirdly,Ruskin points out the creative spirit of Gothic craftsmen as a vivid way of thinking,that is,the ultimate purpose of understanding history and protecting heritage is to better serve the creation of contemporary people.At last,this paper concludes that Ruskin’s historical consciousness is not antiquity,nor does it deny the value of contemporary architects as practical subjects.Instead,it points out that architects in the historical field should pay attention to the spatial layer and the place character of the city under the superimposition of geography and history.Re-reading The Stone of Venice is necessary to understand the social and cultural context behind the evolution of western architectural values.In today’s atmosphere of architectural thinking of cultural introspection,architectural theory and ideological heritage of Ruskin can bring new modern enlightenment.