关禁与走私:清朝西南边境的进出境货物管理

Customs Ban and Smuggling:the Management of Import and Export Goods in the Southwest Border of Qing Dynasty

关禁政策是清朝管理出入境人员与进出境货物的具体措施。清朝的关禁政策自康熙时期制定,以后经历多次调整。由于受到清朝皇权专制制度的影响,关禁政策在现实中并不能严格执行,表现出较强的随意性、不成熟性、不稳定性,加上清代西南边境复杂的自然地理环境,清朝西南边境的关禁政策难免多变,进出境货物的管理较为混乱。即使在乾隆时期西南边境的关禁政策最为严格之时,云南、广西的边境仍有大量商民私贩货物出入边界。

The customs ban policy was a specific measure to manage import and export goods in Qing period which has experienced many adjustments since formulated during the reign of Emperor Kangxi.Due to the influence of imperial autocracy in Qing Dynasty,the policy could not be strictly carried out in reality,which showed strong randomness,immaturity and instability.In addition,due to the complicated natural and geographical environment of the southwest border in the Qing period,the policy of Customs ban in the southwest border of Qing Dynasty was inevitably changeable,and the management of import and export goods was chaotic.Even in the period of Qianlong,there were still a large number of merchants who smuggled goods in and out of the border of Yunnan and Guangxi even during the time when the prohibition policy was the most strictly implemented.