竞争与互补:专题性博物馆的发展历程与角色特征

Competitive or Complementary?The Development Status and Characteristic of the Thematic Museum

随着博物馆的多样化和专业化发展,专题性博物馆成为博物馆的重要类型。根据国内外有关专题性博物馆的研究,从梳理专题性博物馆的发展历程出发,以“竞争”和“互补”两个方面为切入点,探索专题性博物馆的角色特征。研究发现:①专题性博物馆的发展历程分为萌芽、发展和成熟三个阶段,并依循着外部推动与内部分化两种生成逻辑;②专题性博物馆的出现,对综合性博物馆而言不是简单的“竞争”“互补”、非此即彼的二元关系,两者在社会职能、规模经济、受众定位、管理运营和文化传播功能、经济增长功能、社交娱乐功能方面既有竞争又有互补,应当相互借鉴,发挥各自比较优势。未来专题性博物馆的研究可以从功能互补、差异化竞争策略、辩证地思考专题性博物馆的拓展功能三个方面展开。

With the diversified and professional development of museums,the thematic museum has become an important type of museum. According to the domestic and overseas researches on thematic museums,this paper starts from the development of thematic museums."Competition" and "complementarity"are used as entry points to explore characteristics of the thematic museum. The study found that:① the development of the thematic museums is divided into three stages:bud,development and maturity,following the two generation logics of external promotion and internal differentiation;② the emergence of the thematic museum is not a simple "competition" or "complementary" duality relationship between the thematic museum and the comprehensive museum.These two kinds of museums have both competitive and complementary relationships around the area of social functions, comparative advantages,orientation of the audiences,operations management and cultural communication functions,economic growth functions and social entertainment functions.They should learn from each other and exert their comparative advantages to achieve differentiated competition strategies.In the future,the research of the thematic museum can be carried out in three aspects:complementary functions,differentiated competitive strategies,and dialectical thinking about the expanding functions of the thematic museum.