长期顺应、网络密度、方言活力与语言规划策略——上海言语社区的重构

Long-term Accommodation and Language Planning Strategies:Network Density,Dialect Vitality,and the Restructuring of the Shanghai Speech Community

在国家政策的影响下,公民的言语行为会随着时间的推移而调整,这一过程被称为向国家标准或规范的长期顺应。政府的规划策略是在公立教育中使用其制定的标准语言作为教学媒介语,通过毕业生把标准语带到就业市场。在理想情况下﹐这一“推力”会与各种服务业和其他行业所形成的“拉力”相匹配。本研究通过在上海使用问卷调查法和直接观察法,监测了“推入一拉动”的过程,并采用言语社区理论和语言活力理论来解释这一现象,其核心概念是“网络密度”,这一概念可以预测更广泛的社会范围内的顺应过程。此理论模式可以为语言规划者提供一种制定语言政策的思路。本研究建议对方言进行更广泛的媒体支持,并在公立院校实施方言教育。

In a society,citizens are exposed to measures taken at the national level,and adjust to these measures over time.This process is called long-term accommodation toward a national norm or norms.One of these norms set by the government is the standard language,and national level support for education will push students with knowledge of the standard language into the job market,which in the ideal case is matched by a pull factor from various services and industries.The results of this process were monitored in Shanghai via a questionnaire study and direct observations of language use.The results are interpreted in the light of speech community theory and vitality theory.A central concept in the latter framework is“network density”,and it is argued that this concept allows predictions of accommodation processes within the wider society.This model is offered to language planners as a point of orientation on which to base their language strategy decisions.The recommendations offered are wider media support for dialects and the establishment of dialect academies.