民事推定适用的逻辑及其展开

The Logic of Civil Presumption Application and Its Expansion

推定是指在证据缺位时通过基础事实推论推定事实的一种事实认定规则。推定必须具备三个基本要素:基础事实、推定事实和推论依据。这三要素在功能定位上分别是推定的逻辑前提、逻辑结论和逻辑基础,且都反映了推定无需证明的本质特征。以推论依据的不同,推定可分为以高概率性经验法则为推论依据的推定和以强制性法律规定为推论依据的推定,并应在逻辑结构上分列呈现,以说明推定分类下的不同发生原理和运作特点。推定逻辑中存在着三组对抗关系:基础事实-反驳依据、推论依据-反驳依据、推定事实-独立依据。这些对抗关系分别体现着不同的要素效力,且扩展了对抗的法律效果。在理清推定逻辑问题的基础上,民事司法实践中应着重把握推定的适用条件,并建立与之相配套的保障性措施,最终促进推定规则的规范适用。

Judging from the purpose of establishment,presumption refers to a rule of fact determination that assumes facts through basic fact inference when evidence is absent.Presumption must have three basic elements:basic facts,hypothetical facts and inference basis.These three elements are respectively the logical premise,logical conclusion and logical foundation of presumption in terms of functional orientation,and all reflect the essential characteristics of presumption without proof required.According to the different inference basis,presumption can be divided into presumption based on high probability rule of experience and presumption based on mandatory legal provisions,which should be presented separately in logical structure to illustrate different occurrence principles and operation characteristics under presumption classification.There are three groups of confrontation relations in presumption logic:basic facts-refutation basis,inference basis-refutation basis,hypothetical facts-independent basis.These confrontational relationships embody different element effects and expand the legal effects of confrontation.On the basis of clarifying the logic of presumption,we should focus on the applicable conditions of presumption in judicial practice,and establish supporting safeguard measures to promote the normative application of presumption rules.