幼儿普通话习得过程中音系和词汇发展的双向互动

Interaction between Phonological and Lexical Development of Putonghua-Speaking Children

本文探讨了四名汉语普通话儿童在最初的几个词汇至五十个词阶段音系和词汇发展的互动关系。本文的语料来自于对四名儿童的自然语言历时一年的纵向录音,文中分析了儿童在四个词、十个词、二十个词、三十个词和五十个词各阶段目标词语及实际产出词语所共有的音位总量,研究结果表明,儿童在四个词和十个词阶段的词汇主要是CV(辅音和元音)的音节结构,由塞音或鼻辅音加开元音组成。在二十个词至三十个词阶段,目标词汇中的辅音和元音数量开始快速增长的时候,目标音位总量会显著超过儿童实际产出的音位总量,然而,当儿童达到五十个词阶段的时候,音位总量和发展速度体现出显著的个体差异,通过比较儿童在不同阶段所产出的共同的词汇,发现他们明显倾向于据有某一些音系特征的词汇,即由CV或V构成的音节,塞音,鼻辅音和开元音,研究结果支持词汇和音系在儿童早期语言发展中虽然遵循各自的发展路径但两者之间存在双向互动关系,音系的选择影响词汇的发展,学习新词的需求在一定程度上也促进音系的发展.

The paper investigates the interaction between phonological and lexical development among four Putonghua-speaking children between first-word and fifty-word stages.Using longitudinal recordings of four children's spontaneous speech collected over one year,this paper analyses the shared phonemic invento-ries both in the children's target words and their realisations during four-word,ten-word,twenty-word,thirty-word and fifty-word stages.It is found that children's vocabulary at four-word and ten-word stages are primarily words in syllable shapes of CV(consonant and vowel)and consist of stop or nasal consonants and open vowels.While the number of consonants and vowels in their target words begins to expand rapidly over the next twenty-word and thirty-word stages,the size of the target phonemic inventories exceeds significantly that of productive phonemic inventories.However,by the time when the children reach the fifty-word stage,there are significant individual variations as to the size of phonemic inventories and speed of development.The comparison of shared words among the children's production at different stages shows a clear preference for words with certain phonological features,ie,syllable shapes CV or V,stop and nasal consonants and open vowels.These results support the argument that lexical and phonological development,while following their own paths of development,interact with each other in both directions in early age.Lexical development is in-fluenced by phonological selection and phonological development is driven to some extent by the need of learning new words.