新型油氢合建站事故风险评价及应用

Risk assessment approach and its application to the new-type oil-hydrogen station accidents

油氢合建站作为新型能源基础设施,在实现传统油品加注和氢燃料运营的过程中出现诸多安全新问题。为规避此类问题带来的事故风险,以上海首座油氢合建站为研究对象,通过定性和定量相结合的方法对其建造、运营及维护过程中的事故危险源及有害因素进行风险分析。基于FTA确定引起油氢合建站内危险物质泄漏、火灾及爆炸事故的事件重要度和高风险因素,通过F&EI评价法对油氢合建站危险因素进行定量计算,确定其发生事故的最高危险等级为非常大,暴露危险区域面积为6015.65 m^(2)。基于此,从安全管理、泄漏防控措施、防火防爆技术及事故应急处置等方面提出事故风险管控对策,采用一系列安全管控补偿措施后,油氢合建站事故危险等级降至较轻以下,暴露危险区域被控制在780 m^(2)内。

As a new energy infrastructure,the emerging oil-hydrogen station has brought about new safety problems in the process of traditional oil filling and hydrogen fuel operation. In order to avoid accident risks triggered by such problems,this paper takes the case of the first oil-hydrogen station in Shanghai as the research sample to conduct a risk assessment of the accident hazard sources and harmful factors in its construction,operation and maintenance process using both qualitative and quantitative methods. And,then,due to the use of the Fault Tree Analysis( FTA),it would be necessary to study and work out a deductive reasoning method represented by the tree diagrams and the logical relationship between the potential accidents and corresponding rationales,so as to obtain the importance of the events and high risk factors induced by the leakage and dispersion of the hazardous materials,fire and explosion accidents in the oil-hydrogen stations. Meanwhile,fire and explosion index( F&EI)rate that has been developed for ranking the relative fire and explosion risk associated with a process of the oil-hydrogen stations. Besides,the quantitative analysis of the risk factors for the said oil-hydrogen stations has also to be evaluated by the F&EI based on the nature of the process and the properties of the processing materials. And,only in so doing can the highest risk level of the oil-hydrogen station accidents be forecast and predicted with the degree of"Very High-risk"and with an exposed risk area covering 6 015. 65 m^(2). And,then,based on the above-mentioned results,the paper can be made in a position to propose an accidental risk management strategy and the corresponding control countermeasures upon the multiple dimensions,including the safety management,prevention and control of the leakage and dispersion,the fire and explosion prevention measures,together with the emergency treatment of the other related oil-hydrogen unexpected accidents. Besides,it is also necessary for the oilhydrogen stations to make ready a series of risk management and pre-control measures as the compensative strategies so as to degrade and decrease the accidental risk rates potential with the "Low-risk" degrees,so as to restrict the exposed dangerous zone is limited to less than 780 m^(2).