“保守化”与“现代化”的交织:亚历山大三世时期的教育政策探析

A preliminary study of the educational policy under the reign of AlexanderⅢ:interweaving of“conservatization”and“modernization”

19世纪末的俄国皇帝亚历山大三世素有"革命的俘虏"及"和平的缔造者"之称,其统治期间在教育领域实施"反改革"与"重技术"的并行策略。一方面,对各级、各类学校进行思想管制:推进小学教育宗教化,"净化"中学生阶层,削弱大学自治权,缩减女子高等教育名额。另一方面,颁布多个有关中学职业教育的法令,支持成立了哈尔科夫技术学院、托木斯克帝国大学等多所工业类高校。"反改革"教育措施造成了俄国教育的整体后退;而"重技术"策略则为国内现代化进程提供了人才储备,也为俄国的东侵之路奠定了基础。

At the end of the 19th century,Russian emperor AlexanderⅢwas known as"captive of revolution"and"maker of peace".During his rule,he advocated the parallel strategy of"counter-reform"and"putting emphasis on technology"in the education field.On the one hand,he strengthened ideological control of schools at all levels and in different types with approaches like urging primary schools to implement religious education,"purifying"middle school students,limiting university autonomy,and cutting females’enrollment quota in college.On the other hand,he promulgated a number of decrees on vocational education,supported the establishment of many industrial universities,such as Kharikov University of Technology,Tomsk Imperial University and so on.His conservative education measures caused the overall retrogression of Russian education.The emphasis on the training of technicians provided a talent pool for domestic modernization and laid the foundation for Russia’s eastward invasion.