无抗养殖鸡粪对土壤环境和玉米生长的影响

The effect of antibiotic-free chicken manure on soil environment and maize growth

为了促进无抗养殖鸡粪在农田生产中应用,为无抗养殖鸡粪的资源化利用提供科学依据,试验以鲜食糯玉米中糯2号为试验材料,基于氮养分基准平衡原则,共设5个处理,分别为空白对照(CK)、40%鸡粪+60%化肥(40%JF+60%HF)、60%鸡粪+40%化肥(60%JF+40%HF)、80%鸡粪+20%化肥(80%JF+20%HF)和全化肥(100%HF),通过检测土壤和玉米籽粒的重金属、抗生素、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗淀粉含量,探讨无抗养殖鸡粪对土壤环境质量、玉米产量及品质产生的影响。结果表明:在玉米生育期内,各鸡粪处理的土壤中均未检出蛔虫卵和汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)。各鸡粪处理土壤中铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)含量在各玉米生育期内均显著高于CK和100%HF处理(P<0.05)。在玉米苗期,土壤Cu、Zn含量以80%JF+20%HF处理最大,分别为CK的4.29倍和2.97倍;与CK比,各鸡粪处理土壤中镉(Cd)含量在苗期显著升高,随后逐渐下降,抽穗期各鸡粪处理土壤Cd含量分别比CK降低了18.5%、25.9%、29.6%,且与CK差异显著(P<0.05);至完熟期,各鸡粪处理土壤中均未检出砷(As)、大肠杆菌。各鸡粪处理土壤仅在苗期检出抗生素,但与CK和100%HF处理无显著差异(P>0.05)。与CK和100%HF处理相比,各鸡粪处理籽粒中Cu、Zn含量显著升高(P<0.05),Cd含量则显著降低(P<0.05),As未检出。籽粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗淀粉含量均以80%JF+20%HF处理最高,分别比CK升高了24.9%、17.1%、3.8%,且与CK差异显著(P<0.05)。玉米产量以40%JF+60%HF处理最高,为CK的1.42倍,但与60%JF+40%HF处理无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明无抗养殖鸡粪的施用能改善土壤环境状况,提高玉米产量,改善玉米品质,无抗生素残留。综合分析认为,40%无抗养殖鸡粪与60%化肥配施是较为合理的农田配施比例。

In order to promote the application of antibiotic-free chicken manure in farmland production and to provide a scientific basis for the resource utilization of antibiotic-free chicken manure, the fresh glutinous corn Zhongnuo No. 2 was used as test material in this experiment, and based on the principle of nitrogen nutrient benchmark balance, 5 treatments were totally designed, including blank control(CK), 40% chicken manure + 60% chemical fertilizer(40%JF+60%HF), 60% chicken manure + 40% chemical fertilizer(60%JF+40%HF), 80% chicken manure + 20% chemical fertilizer(80%JF+20%HF) and full chemical fertilizer(100% HF). Through the detection of heavy metals, antibiotics, crude protein, crude fat, and crude starch in soil and corn kernels, the impact of antibiotic-free breeding chicken manure was explored on soil environmental quality and corn yield and quality. The results showed that during the growth period of corn, no roundworm eggs, mercury(Hg),nickel(Ni),lead(Pb),and chromium(Cr) were detected in the soil treated with chicken manure. The contents of copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) in the soil of each chicken manure treatment was significantly higher than those of CK and 100% HF treatment during the growth period of each corn(P<0.05). In the maize seedling stage, CK of the soil Cu and Zn contents were treated with 80%JF+20%HF as the maximum, which were 4.29 times and 2.97 times that of CK,respectively. Compared with CK,the cadmium(Cd) content in the soil of the chicken manure treatments increased significantly during the seedling stage, and then gradually decreased. The Cd contents of the soil of the chicken manure treatments at the heading stage were reduced by 18.5%,25.9%,and 29.6% respectively compared with CK,and there was a significant difference from CK(P<0.05). Until the maturity period, arsenic(As) and E. coli were not detected in the soil treated with chicken manure. Antibiotics were only detected in the soil treated with chicken manure in the seedling stage, but there was no significant difference from CK and 100% HF treatment(P>0.05). Compared with CK and 100% HF treatment, CK of Cu and Zn in the grains of each chicken mannre treatment were significantly increased(P<0.05),while the content of Cd was significantly decreased(P<0.05),and As was not detected. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, and crude starch in grains were treated with 80%JF+20%HF as the maxinium, which increased by 24.9%,17.1%,and 3.8% respectively, and were significantly different from CK(P<0.05). The yield of corn was the highest in the treatment of 40%JF+60%HF,which was 1.42 times that of CK,but there was no significant difference from the treatment of 60%JF+40%HF(P>0.05). The results suggested that the application of antibiotic-free chicken manure can improve the soil environment, increase corn yield, improve corn quality, and no antibiotic residues. Comprehensive analysis believed that the combined application of 40% antibiotic-free chicken manure and 60% chemical fertilizer is a more reasonable ratio of farmland combined application.