上海市成年居民肌肉量和体脂率的影响因素

Influencing factors of muscle mass and body fat rate of adults in Shanghai

[背景]随社会人口老龄化,肌肉骨骼疾病已经成为重要的公共健康问题。目前关于肌肉量和体脂率的研究主要集中在老年肌少症上,但对于普通成年居民肌肉量和体脂率的研究较少。[目的]调查上海市成年居民肌肉量和体脂率现状,分析其影响因素。[方法]采用分层随机抽样法,于2015年在上海市按照经济和地理状况随机选择6个区,分别是黄浦区、普陀区、徐汇区、杨浦区、松江区和嘉定区。每个区随机选择4个街道,每个街道随机选择20户,对家庭户中所有18岁及以上的成员进行个人一般情况问卷调查、3天24小时膳食调查、人体学指标测定。计算得到谷薯类、禽畜水产类、蛋类、奶类和豆类摄入量,直接测量得到身高、体重、体重指数(BMI)、肌肉量和体脂率。[结果]本研究共调查1 009人,其中男性471人,年龄中位数58.52岁,女性538人,年龄中位数57.63岁。18~44岁、45~59岁和≥60岁年龄组男性全身肌肉量中位数为51.00、50.20和48.50 kg,体脂率中位数为23.40%、24.40%和24.90%;18~44岁、45~59岁和≥60岁年龄组女性全身肌肉量中位数为36.60、37.60和36.10 kg,体脂率中位数为30.35%、34.30%和35.60%;各年龄组男性全身肌肉量均高于女性(P <0.001),体脂率均低于女性(P <0.001)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,男性(b’=0.748,P <0.001)、BMI越高(b’=0.347,P <0.001)、年龄越小(b’=-0.216,P <0.001)、有体育锻炼习惯(b’=0.045,P=0.017)者全身肌肉量越高;女性(b’=-0.705,P <0.001)、BMI越高(b’=0.622,P <0.001)、年龄越大(b’=0.061,P=0.001)、吸烟(b’=0.060,P=0.005)、豆类摄入量越大(b’=0.055,P=0.002)者体脂率越高。[结论]上海市成年居民随着年龄的增长,全身肌肉量呈下降趋势,体脂率呈增高趋势。进行体育锻炼是延缓肌肉衰减的有效措施。对于有吸烟习惯的居民,应更加重视控制全身体脂率。

[Background] Musculoskeletal disease has become an important public health problem with an aging population. Studies on muscle mass and body fat rate are largely conducted among elderly people rather than in general adult residents. [Objective] This study investigates the muscle mass and body fat rate of adult residents in Shanghai, and their potential influencing factors. [Methods] Using the method of stratified random sampling, six districts were randomly selected in Shanghai in 2015 according to their economic and geographical conditions, namely Huangpu District, Putuo District, Xuhui District, Yangpu District, Songjiang District, and Jiading District. Four sub-districts in each district and 20 households in each sub-district were randomly selected, and all the members of a selected household aged 18 years and above were investigated. The investigation included personal general information questionnaire survey, 3-day 24-hour dietary survey, and anthropological indicators. The intakes of cereal, livestock, aquatic products, eggs, milk, and legumes was calculated, and the height, weight, body mass index(BMI), muscle mass, and body fat rate were measured directly.[Results] A total of 1 009 residents were investigated, including 471 males, median 58.52 years, and 538 females, median 57.63 years. The medians of whole body muscle mass of men aged 18-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years were 51.00, 50.20, and 48.50 kg, respectively, and their medians of body fat rate were 23.40%, 24.40%, and 24.90%, respectively;the medians of whole body muscle mass of women aged 18-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years were 36.60, 37.60, and 36.10 kg, respectively, and their medians of body fat rate were 30.35%, 34.30%, and 35.60%, respectively;the whole body muscle mass of males was higher than that of females in all age groups(P < 0.001), and the body fat rate was lower(P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that male(b’=0.748, P < 0.001), higher BMI(b’=0.347, P < 0.001), younger age(b’=-0.216, P < 0.001), and regular physical exercise(b’=0.045, P=0.017) were associated with higher whole body muscle mass;female(b’=-0.705, P < 0.001), higher BMI(b’=0.622, P < 0.001), older age(b’=0.061, P=0.001), smokers(b’=0.060, P=0.005), and higher legume intake(b’=0.055, P=0.002) were associated with higher body fat rate. [Conclusion] With the increase of age, adult residents in Shanghai show decreasing whole body muscle mass and increasing body fat rate. Regular physical exercise could be an effective measure to slow sarcopenia. Smokers should pay more attention to potential reduction in body fat rate.