多民族国家的国语、官方语言、通用语言的比较研究--以“一带一路”上的六国为例

Research on national language,official language and lingua franca of multi-nationality countries:Taking the six countries in“One Belt and One Road”as examples

本文以位于“一带一路”上的六个国家为例,梳理和列举了这些国家当前的国语、官方语言、通用语言,从历史的观点深入分析了造成这些国家国语地位较弱、官方语言和通用语言复杂的历史原因,从社会语言学的视角说明人口结构为多核心型的多种(民)族的国家往往双语或多语并存,各语种之间互相竞争,得出国语和官方语言的选择实际上反映的是国际性语言和地区性语言、外来语言和本土语言、原宗主国语言和本民族母语语言综合博弈的结论。

This essay selects 6 countries in“one belt and one road”as examples and lists out their national languages,official languages,and commonly-used languages.From the perspective of sociolinguistics,this essay analyses the reasons why the national languages,the official languages,and commonly-used languages of these countries are so complicated,pointing out that in multi-national countries it is often the case that bilingualism or multilingualism coexist and mutual competition among different languages is unavoidable.The choice of national and official languages in fact reflects the comprehensive competition of international languages and regional languages,foreign languages and native languages,suzerain languages and native languages,powerful languages and weak languages.