南极机场冰雪跑道工程技术发展现状与展望

Ice and Snow Runway Engineering in the Antarctica:Current Status and Prospect

世界强国针对南极科技前沿、地缘政治、开发利用权益的争夺趋于激烈。我国建设和运营南极航空基础设施,有利于提升我国在南极的综合影响力、扩大南极科学考察规模、满足人员和物资快速投送需求,战略发展价值突出。本文较全面地分析了南极机场建设现状,凝练了我国开展冰雪机场建设面临的技术挑战;解析了极地科考强国在南极机场冰雪跑道建设方面的工程技术体系,据此梳理我国开展南极机场冰雪跑道建设所需掌握的重点技术。研究表明,我国未来的南极大型机场跑道建设,涉及的工程技术体系应涵盖三大工程步骤(机场跑道选址、道面材料设计、道面人工处理)和1项核心技术(压实雪层技术)。结合我国南极科学考察创新发展对航空运输能力建设的顶层需求,论证提出重点研究方向:机场选址及建设的自然环境条件研究,压实雪层技术,冰雪跑道施工装备技术,机场运行指挥监测体系设计。

The competition among world powers for the rights and interests regarding Antarctic science and technology frontiers,geopolitics,and resource exploitations tends to be fierce.Therefore,constructing and operating Antarctic aviation infrastructure becomes strategically important for China as it assists in enhancing China’s comprehensive influence in the Antarctica,expanding the scale of Antarctic scientific expedition,and rapidly delivering personnel and materials.This study comprehensively reviews the current status of Antarctic airport construction and investigates the technical challenges faced by China regarding the same issue.We also analyze the engineering technology systems of polar research powers for ice and snow runway construction and summarize the key technologies that China should master for Antarctic airport construction.For future construction of large airport runways in the Antarctica,the core engineering technology system for China should cover three major engineering steps(i.e.,runway site selection,pavement material design,and manual treatment of ice and snow pavements)and one core technology(i.e.,compacted snow layer construction).Considering the demand for aviation capacities by the innovative development of China’s Antarctic scientific expedition,we propose the following key research directions:natural environmental conditions of airport sites,snow compaction,construction equipment,and design of the airport operation monitoring system.