数据访问限制行为的拒绝交易认定——以必要设施取代市场支配地位作为规制的前端要件

The Recognition of the Refusal to Trade for Data Access Restrictions:Replacing Market Dominance with Necessary Facilities as the Front-end Element of Rule

数据垄断者拒绝其他领域的经营者访问数据的行为实质是数据垄断者通过杠杆行为、跨界传导垄断力的表现,是滥用在相关数据市场中市场支配地位来的典型形式。数据已经不再是传统意义上网络平台经营者的私产,而是兼具企业利益和公共利益的二元属性。放任网络平台经营者对数据的任意控制最终会导致限制、损害竞争的后果,数据访问限制行为应当被认定为拒绝交易行为并加以规制。由于对网络平台经营者在相关数据市场的市场支配地位认定是一个非常复杂、系统的工作,由此,在判定数据访问限制行为是否构成《反垄断法》上的拒绝交易行为时,可以跳出传统的“认定市场支配地位—(认定为必要设施)—认定拒绝交易”的分析思路,单独以必要设施原则认定拒绝交易行为,即“满足必要设施—认定拒绝交易”。

The essence of data monopolist's refusal to the access to data to other operators in other fields is the perfor⁃mance of the cross-border transmission of monopoly power through leverage,which is a typical form of abusing domi⁃nant position in the data-related market.Data is no longer the private property of network platform operators in the tra⁃ditional sense,but has the dual attributes of both corporate and public interests.Allowing network platform operators to control data arbitrarily will eventually lead to restrictions and damage to competition.Data access restrictions should be recognized as refusal to trade and be regulated.Since it is a very complicated and systematic task to determine the dominant position of the network platform operator in the data-related market,it is possible to go beyond the tradition⁃al analytical thinking of"determining market dominance-(determined as essential facilities)-identifying refusal to trade"when determining whether the restriction of data access constitutes a trade refusal under the Anti-Monopoly Law,and solely based on the principle of necessary facilities to identify refusal to trade,that is,"meeting necessary fa⁃cilities-identifying refusal to trade".