弗洛姆人道主义伦理学探究:人性、规范与社会主义

An Inquiry into Fromm’s Humanitarian Ethics:Human Nature,Norms and Socialism

弗洛姆的人道主义伦理学是以人性为规范的道德理论。在弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思社会批判理论的双重奠基之上,弗洛姆揭示了"社会内在伦理学"与"普遍的伦理学"之间的巨大差异,批判资本主义社会的异化现实,从而对人性的道德以及现实中人的自由境况做出了伦理剖析。一方面,弗洛姆把人性的道德寄托于精神健康的个人与健全的社会之间辩证的实践关系之中,认为人的性格与社会性格之间存在固有关联;另一方面,弗洛姆将爱的实践视为现实的道德实践,将人性的道德寄托于爱的艺术,从而以爱为出发点来辩证地探寻人道主义社会的可能性。弗洛姆最终将实现普遍的伦理学的希望寄托于社会主义,但是由于其道德理论在本质上坚持了一种抽象的人性论,因而难免蒙上一种形而上学的乌托邦色彩。

Fromm’s humanistic ethics is a moral theory governed by human nature. Based on the dual foundations of Freud’s psychoanalysis and Marx’s social critical theory, Fromm revealed the huge difference between "socially immanent ethics" and "universal ethics", and rejected capitalist society’s alienation of reality, then making an ethical analysis of the morality of human nature and human freedom in reality. On the one hand, Fromm puts the morality of human nature on the practical dialectics between a mentally healthy individual and a?sane society, and believes that there is an inherent connection between human character and social character;on the other hand, Fromm puts love in practice regarded as a realistic moral practice, it puts the morality of human nature on the art of love, and then dialectically explores the possibility of a humanitarian society with love as a starting point. Fromm finally put the hope of realizing universal ethics on socialism, but because his moral theory essentially adheres to an abstract theory of human nature, it is inevitable to be cast with a metaphysical utopian color.