自动驾驶交通肇事中使用者注意义务及过失犯罪认定

User’s Duty of Care and Negligent Crime Identification in Traffic Accidents Caused by Autonomous Driving

自动驾驶改变了传统驾驶中的驾驶员地位,对交通肇事刑事责任认定产生影响。使用者注意义务的设置关乎过失犯罪的认定,仅关注技术能力和技术规范的逻辑展开,令使用者注意义务设置混乱且失衡。自动驾驶交通运行风险分配应以控制权流转为基础、以法益保护为基本价值取向并保证风险在各方主体间的平衡分配。系统驾驶机能的完善并不意味着刑法意义上使用者注意义务的当然缩减,在人机交互、突发情况等具体复杂情景责任认定时,应基于上述风险分配和注意义务设置原则,对使用者的结果预见义务和结果回避义务进行判断。事故发生后,应明确使用者的救助义务,在保证自身生命安全的前提下,使用者不履行其对伤者救助义务的,可能构成过失犯罪。

Autonomous driving has changed the driver’s status in the traditional driving,and has had an impact on the criminal responsibility of traffic accidents.The setting of user’s duty of care is related to the determination of negligent crime.Focusing merely on the logical development of technical ability and technical specifications makes the setting of user’s duty of care chaotic and unbalanced.The risk distribution of traffic operation with autonomous driving should be based on the transfer of control right,the basic value orientation of legal interest protection,and the balanced distribution of risk among all parties.The improvement of the driving function of the system does not mean the reduction of the user’s duty of care in the sense of criminal law.In the identification of the responsibility of the specific complex situations such as human-computer interaction and emergency situation,the user’s obligation to foresee and avoid the result should be judged based on the above-mentioned principles of risk allocation and duty of care.After the accident,the user’s rescue obligation should be made clear.Under the premise of ensuring his own life safety,the user’s failure to perform his duty of rescuing the injured may constitute a negligent crime.