如何理解贫困:马克思对黑格尔的超越

How to Understand Poverty:The Transcendence of Marx over Hegel

基于客观唯心主义哲学,黑格尔认为现代社会贫困问题的核心是精神贫困,即市民在思想意识中抛弃市民社会原则。物质贫困从属于精神贫困,是“底层劳动阶级”精神贫困的外化。与之相对,马克思立足唯物史观批判黑格尔的哲学立场,强调“感性的人”是历史的起点,应从物质生产的实践领域出发理解贫困问题的实质。现代社会建立在阶级压迫的基础上,市民社会原则并不存在。物质贫困是贫困问题的核心,即工人阶级遭受剥削压迫,精神贫困由物质贫困决定,表现为个体的利己主义观念。在黑格尔那里,贫困问题是无解的,不过,马克思则通过对历史现实和社会思想语境的考察,逐渐自觉站在工人阶级的立场上,形成了解决贫困问题的正确理念与科学方法。

Based on the philosophy of objective idealism,Hegel believes that the core of the poverty problem in modern society is spiritual poverty,that is,citizens abandon the principles of civil society in their ideology.Material poverty is subordinated to the spiritual poverty and is an externalization of spiritual poverty of the“bottom working class”.In contrast,based on historical materialism,Marx criticized Hegel’s philosophical position,emphasizing that“sensuous human”are the starting point of history,and the essence of poverty should be understood from the practical realm of material production.Modern society is based on class oppression,and the principle of civil society does not exist.Material poverty is at the core of the poverty problem,that is,the working class is exploited and oppressed,and spiritual poverty is determined by material poverty,which is manifested in the concept of personal egoism.According to Hegel,the problem of poverty is unsolvable.However,through the investigation of historical reality and the context of social thought,Marx gradually and consciously stood on the position of the working class and formed the correct concept and scientific method to solve the problem of poverty.