古格故城白殿绘塑内容及图像程序重构——基于意大利藏学家朱塞佩·图齐及印度李·戈塔米的考察记录

The Reconstruction of the Statues,Mural and Iconographic Program of the White Chapel in Tsaparang:Basing on Expedition Records of the Italian Tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci and the Indian Scholar Li Gotami Govinda

古格故城白殿是古格王国晚期的一座皇家佛殿,它作为古格王室贵胄参拜礼佛的重要礼仪空间,其殿内精美绘塑艺术反映了古格佛教复兴期至高无上的人文精神。目前殿内造像绝大多数已毁,部分壁画亦因早年殿顶漏水浸蚀剥落。本文基于意大利藏学家图齐和印度李·戈塔米于1933年和1948年的考察照片,并结合殿内现存绘塑,就该殿绘塑内容、图像程序及教法传承等做了复原和追溯。白殿的绘塑内容继承了古格王赤·南喀旺布平措德贝桑布于15世纪中晚期主持重建的托林寺红殿的图像程序,其主体图像内容呈现了15世纪后在格鲁派为主导的古格政教话语体系下,早期雄踞于此的萨迦派(俄尔派)教法传承仍在该区域占有一席之地的历史真相。

Tsaparang White Temple is a royal temple in late Guge Kingdom.As a significant sacred space where the Guge royal family paid homage to the Buddhist deities,the exquisite art of those murals and sculptures inside witnesses the Guge Buddhist renaissance.Currently,the sculptures were almost destroyed and part of the murals had peeled off because of seepage through the roof in early years.This essay is based on the photographs taken by the Italian Tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci and the Indian Scholar Li Gotami Govinda during their expeditions in 1933 and 1948,and combining the extant sculptures,it reconstructed and traced the contents and Iconographic Program of these images,as well as the teaching lineage.The images in White Temple inherited the ones in Red Temple of Tholing Monastery,which were rebuilt by the Guge King Khri rnam rgyal lde dpal bzang po during the middle to late 15th century.The principal images in Tholing Red Temple reveal the existent of Sakyapa(or Ngor)lineage which occupied this area in early period,while the Gelugpa achieved the dominant political and religious position in 15th century.