新实践美学的生态美学建构

The Construction of Ecological Aesthetics in New Practical Aesthetics

生态美学是研究人对自然的审美关系的分支美学。新实践美学应该建构自己的生态美学。自然界是人类的生存环境,人类既是自然界的组成部分,又是自然界的改造者,还是自然界的守护者。与人关系不密切、甚至威胁到人类的生存和发展的"自在的"自然,不可能与人发生审美关系,只有在实践中与人类关系密切、能够确证人类的本质力量的"为人的"自然,才可能与人发生审美关系。因此,社会实践(物质生产、话语生产、精神生产)是生态美学的逻辑起点。在人对自然的审美关系中,有三种状态:自然的人化,人的自然化,天人合一。因此,可以设想三种生态美学:自然人化生态美学,人自然化生态美学,天人合一生态美学。自然人化生态美学主要研究自然在实践中由"自在的自然"转化为"为人的自然",从而生成自然的美和审美及其艺术,自然成为了人类栖居的环境和家园,给人类创建了农业文明和工业文明。这是前工业文明时代的生态美学。人自然化生态美学主要研究在工业文明和科技发达的条件下人类应该回归自然、敬畏自然、融入自然,从而生成自然化人类的美和审美及其艺术,人类诗意地栖居在自然之中,给人类带来了乐山乐水的美和审美及其艺术,消解着工业文明和科技发达带来的人类中心主义。这是工业文明时代的生态美学。天人合一生态美学主要研究自然与人在社会实践中和谐统一的现实和理想,从而解决人与自然之间的矛盾,达到自然主义与人道主义有机统一的美和审美及其艺术,实现人性的复归的共产主义理想,这是后工业时代的生态美学。新实践美学的生态美学应该努力促进人对自然的审美关系的全面展开,逐步实现人类的自由全面的发展。

Ecological aesthetics is a sub-discipline of aesthetics about human aesthetic relationship towards nature. The new practical aesthetics should have its own branch of ecological aesthetics. Human beings live in the natural environment,as part of nature,creators to transform nature,and guardians of nature. It is impossible for"free"nature,not close to mankind,or even threatening the survival and development of mankind,to establish an aesthetic relationship with human beings;only the "serve-to-man"nature,with a close relationship with mankind in social practice,able to confirm the essential power of mankind,will generate the aesthetic relationship with man. Therefore,the logical starting point for the construction of ecological aesthetics in the new practical aesthetics should be social practice( centered on material production,including discourse production and spiritual production).There are three main forms of human aesthetic relationship towards nature: natural the humanization of nature,the naturalization of human beings,and the unity of nature and human beings. Therefore,there should be three types of ecological aesthetics constructed by the new practical aesthetics: humanized-nature ecological aesthetics,naturalized-human ecological aesthetics,and unified nature-human ecological aesthetics. Existing in the pre-industrial civilization era,humanized-nature ecological aesthetics mainly studies the transformation of "free"nature into "serve-to-man"nature in practice,thereby generating people’s aesthetic relationship with nature,as well as the beauty and aesthetics of nature and its art,and thus,nature can become human habitat and homeland,for human beings to create agricultural civilization and industrial civilization on the basis of nature. Naturalized-human ecological aesthetics,for the industrial civilization era,mainly studies the man’s aesthetic relationship towards nature against the background of industrial civilization and advanced science and technology,guiding human beings to return to nature,fear nature,and integrate into nature,thereby generating naturalized-human beauty and aesthetics and its art,allowing humans to dwell on nature poetically,dissolving anthropocentrism which stands above nature,and enabling humans to create beauty and aesthetics of"loving for the landscape"and its art. The unified nature-human ecological aesthetics,existing in the post-industrial era,mainly studies how to solve the contradiction between man and nature,and reach the reality and ideal of harmony and unity between nature and man in social practice,so as to achieve the organic unity of naturalism and humanitarianism,create the beauty and aesthetics of nature-human unity and its art,and realize the ideal of the return to human nature in communism. The ecological aesthetics of the new practical aesthetics should strive to promote the comprehensive expansion of the human aesthetic relationship towards nature,and become the frontier aesthetics branch that gradually realizes the free and comprehensive development of human beings.