摘要
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)are considered as one of the most effective technologies to resolve environmental problems and energy crisis for future automotive applications[1-4].The direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)[5-6]is a new type of PEMFC using methanol as fuel[7].Because of its higher energy density and conversion efficiency,methanol can be used as direct fuel at a relatively lower operating temperature[8]with portable great potential in equipment and transportation utilization.Therefore,developing DMFCs that use methanol aqueous solution or steam methanol as fuel is a good choice to solve energy problems[9].
基金
supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0200200)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51272071,51203045 and 21401049)
the Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau of China(Grant No.2018010401011280).
