天津冬季水鸟多样性和优先保护区域分析

Diversity of Wintering Waterbirds and Priority Conservation Areas in Tianjin

2011—2018年11月底—12月采用样线法和样点法对天津4个区域(北大港、塘沽沿海、大黄堡、七里海)9个样地的水鸟多样性进行调查,共记录水鸟54种102946只,隶属于7目13科28属。雁形目和鸻形目无论在种类上还是数量上都占绝对优势,分别占水鸟群落组成的44.44%和27.78%。记录到国家Ⅰ级重点保护物种有东方白鹳、遗鸥、黑鹳、青头潜鸭和黑嘴鸥,国家Ⅱ级重点保护物种10种。通过比较9个样地的冬季水鸟群落多样性水平,以重点保护水鸟为指示物种,分析冬季水鸟的优先保护区和重点修复区。结果表明,储气库、七里海和上马台水库为冬季水鸟提供了良好的越冬地,作为优先保护区。北大港水库水鸟物种多样性虽然较低,优先保护指数较低,却是东方白鹳、大天鹅等国家级重点保护鸟类迁徙“歇脚”的重要驿站,人类活动干扰较小;塘沽高沙岭多样性指数和优先保护指数都较高,冬季大量遗鸥等珍稀鸟类栖息在此,宜作为优先保护地区。唐家河口和独流减河具有较高的多样性和物种丰富度,前者是遗鸥的冬季栖息地,但受人类活动干扰影响较大,来此越冬的水鸟种类和数量逐年减少,宜作为重要修复区。湿地规划建设中,天津滨海湿地人工生境是自然生境鸟类资源的重要补充,对冬季水鸟多样性的维持和珍稀物种的保护有重要作用。塘沽沿海滩涂作为高保护价值空缺地区,应加强湿地生态的保护修复。

From 2011 to 2018,waterbirds diversity in 9 survey sites of 4 survey regions in Tianjin(Beidagang,Tanggu coastal area,Dahuangpu and Qilihai)was investigated using line transect and point count surveys during the winter season(November to December).A total of 54 species and 102946 waterbirds were recorded,belonging to 7 orders,13 families and 28 genera.Waterbirds of Anseriformes and Charadriiformes were the dominant group both in species and population and comprised 44.44%and 27.78%of the species of the community,respectively.Five of the recorded species were national first-grade protected species,including oriental white stork(Ciconia boyciana),relic gull(Larus relictus),black stork(Ciconia nigra),baers pochard(Aythya baeri)and saunder's gull(Larus saundersi).Ten of the recorded species were national second-grade protected species.Usiing the protected birds as indicator species,the priority conservation areas and ecological restoration areas were identified based on the diversity level of waterbird communities and interference degree of human activities in 9 survey sites.The results show that the sides of Chuqiku,Qilihai and Shangmatai are providing good wintering grounds for waterbirds and are less disturbed by human activities.Although the species diversity of waterbirds and the priority protection index in Beidagang Reservoir are both low,while they are important stations for migratory oriental white stork,whooper swan and other birds under protection with little interference from human activities.The diversity index and priority protection index of Tanggu Gaoshaling are both high,and a large number of rare birds such as relict gulls inhabit there in winter,and it should be a priority area for protection.Tangjiahekou and Duliu River have high diversity and species richness and Tangjiahekou is still the main wintering habitat of the relict gulls.However,it is greatly affected by human activities.The species and number of waterbirds wintering there have been decreasing year by year.In the wetland planning and construction,the artificial habitat in Tianjin coastal wetland is an important supplement to the natural habitat bird resources and plays an important role in the maintenance of the diversity of overwintering waterbirds and the protection of endangered species.As an area with high conservation value,the wetland ecological protection and restoration of the Tanggu tidal area should be strengthened.