宋代多层墓葬研究

A Study of the Multi-storey Tombs of Song Dynasty

多层墓葬是指在墓葬中构造出多个立体空间的墓葬形制。从层次结构上看,可分为三层和双层两类,以双层结构为主。这种多层构造最早出现在北宋中期,作为一种御赐的"地下石藏"来使用。在北宋晚至南宋初期,多层墓葬的形制和构造均发生一定的变化,隔层的功能也发生改变,但总体上仍可以看作是"地下石藏"的变形。到了南宋中期,多层构造的使用方式也发生了很大的变化,上层空间的实用性明显增强,出现葬人或密封防潮等利用方式。多层墓葬的结构和功能随着时代发展,其目的大多离不开对棺椁和尸体的保存。

Multi-storey tomb refers to the kind of tombs constructed with multiple stereoscopic spaces,which has rich diversity in the form and construction method as well as the function of compartment.In terms of its layered structure,multi-storey tombs can be divided into three-storey type and two-storey type,with the latter being the majority.This multi-storey structure first appeared in the mid Northern Song dynasty,used as an"underground stone coffin"bestowed by emperors.From the late Northern Song dynasty to the early Southern Song dynasty,certain changes took place in the shape and structure of the multi-storey tombs as well as the function of the compartment,as the upper space turned into a"simulated room",but still can be seen as a transformation of the"underground stone coffin"as a whole.The middle of the Southern Song dynasty witnessed drastic changes in the use of the multi-storey structures,as the practicability of the upper space was significantly enhanced,in some cases it was used as another burial chamber but more commonly it was filled with sealing materials such as charcoal and sand to be damp-proof.From the earliest form as an"underground stone coffin",to the middle stage with a simulated upper space,then the final development with a sealing layer,the structure and function of the multistorey tombs developed simultaneously with the times,while the purpose remained essentially the same,which was to properly preserve the coffins and corpses.