中国农民乡土习性改造的百年史经验与新时代使命

The Centennial Experiences of Transforming Chinese Farmers’Rural Habits and the Mission of the New Era

农民乡土习性转型是传统农民向现代农民转型过程中必然面临的深层文化心理问题,该问题在民国时期乡村建设运动中被视为改造中国社会的突破口。然而,由于对当时社会局势的把握不充分,对乡土社会改造道路选择不革命,乡村建设运动工作者单纯以教育、文化为主的温和方式改造农民乡土习性具有历史局限性并最终失败。经过百年发展变革,新时代中国的工业化、信息化、城镇化、社会治理水平达到前所未有的高度,为乡村振兴战略整体推进农业、农村、农民的现代化奠定了坚实基础,也为农民乡土习性的现代转型提供了充足的历史条件。由此,新时代中国农民乡土习性转型将通过文化教育活动,致力于对自在自发习性和异化受动习性的超越,使农民最终养成合理应对现代乡村生活、现代农业发展的自由自觉习性。

The transformation of farmers’rural habitus is a deep cultural and psychological problem that must be faced during the transformation of traditional farmers to modern farmers.This problem was regarded as a breakthrough in transforming the Chinese society in the rural reconstruction movement during the period of the Republic of China.However,due to the inadequate grasp of social situation at that time,the method of reforming the rural society was not revolutionary.Rather,the rural reconstruction movement workers simply adopted education and culture-based methods to moderately transform the rural habitus of farmers,which had historical limitations and eventually led to the failure of the movement.After a century of development and reform,the industrialization,informatization,urbanization,and social governance of China have reached an unprecedented level in the new era,laying a solid foundation for the overall promotion of the modernization of agriculture,rural areas and farmers in the rural revitalization strategy.Furthermore,it also provides sufficient historical conditions for the modern transformation of farmers’rural habitus.As a result,the transformation of Chinese farmers’rural habitus in the new era will be devoted to transcending personal spontaneous habitus and alienated passive habitus through cultural and educational activities,so that farmers can eventually develop free and self-conscious habitus to reasonably cope with modern rural life and modern agriculture development.