俄罗斯英才观的发展、特征及启示

A Study on the Development,Characteristics and Enlightenment of the Russian Concept of the Talent

建立高质量英才培养体系是我国人才强国战略的重要组成部分,科学的英才观是其基础与前提。俄罗斯是世界上最早建立英才教育培养体系的国家之一,秉持“天资发展范式”英才观,关注和强调天赋的后天发展。从其形成过程来看,俄罗斯的英才观经历了“能力型”英才观、“多维建构型”英才观和“多元能力”英才观三个不同的发展时期,每一次演进都伴随着学界对“天赋”本质的再认识和英才研究方法论的重构。通过对俄罗斯英才观演变过程的梳理,本文发现:在概念上,俄罗斯英才观认为“英才”包括所有在活动中以卓越的杰出成就脱颖而出,或者具备这种成就潜能的人。在形成模式上,俄罗斯英才观强调英才的后天形成特征,先天性因素固然重要,但具有天赋的个体能否成为英才取决于其与环境互动的有效性以及实践的历练性。在特征上,俄罗斯英才观既强调天赋(包括智力与创造力)的延展性,又强调其发展性与复杂性。基于对俄罗斯英才观的特征总结,本文认为我国拔尖人才培养体系所指向的“人才观”应作出三点调整,以建立更加有效的甄别和培养体系:(1)探索更具包容性、开放性与多样性的英才鉴别标准;(2)更关注英才天赋发展的年龄性及动态性等特征;(3)采取标准化测试与表现性评价相结合的评价方式,精准把握英才发展的动态过程。

Abstract:The establishment of a high—quality talent development system is an important part of China’s strategy to build a strong nation,and the scientific concept of“the talent”is its foundation and prerequisite.Russia is among the first group of the countries to establish the system of the gifted education.In a typical“giftedness&development paradigm”,it focuses on the development of acquired giftedness.From the perspective of its formation,the evolution of its concept of“the talent”has undergone three stages:the“competence—based”,“multidimensional”and“multi-competence”periods,and each evolution period has been accompanied by a reconceptualization of the nature of giftedness and a reconstruction of the methodology for its research.By making a review of its evolution,the article found that conceptually,the concept of“the talent”in Russia includes all people outstanding achievements in activities or having the potential for such achievements.In terms of its formation,the concept of Russian talent emphasizes the acquired characteristics of giftedness.Innate factors are important,but whether a talented individual can become a talent depends on the effectiveness of its interaction with the environment and the experience of practice.In terms of characteristics,the Russian concept emphasizes the development and complexity of giftedness,and it believes that its development is affected by internal and external factors.Based on the above,this article put forward three suggestion for our country:(1)exploring more inclusive,open and diverse standards for distinguished talents;(2)paying more attention to the age and dynamic characteristics of the talent development;(3)adopting a combination of standardized testing and performance evaluation,so as to accurately grasp the dynamic process of the talent development.