西方不同取向的教育实习观比较

Comparison of Different Approaches of Western Student Teachers' Practicum

在职前教师教育发展的不同历史时期,西方具有代表性的学徒制、应用科学、实验室、反思探究以及整合取向教育实习观,推动了实习模式的变革。理论与实践的关系,从二者分离到工具性单向关系,再到相互渗透,从而达至双向整合。职前教师的实践学习内容,从教学技艺性知识到教育研究所得的正式知识,而后逐渐发展为教学思维方法、实践性知识,最后到整合性实践知识。职前教师的实践学习方式,从观察模仿学习到理论践行,再到思维训练、反思探究,最后在实践共同体中相互学习。职前教师与实习学校指导教师的人际关系,从师徒关系到权威与被动接受的关系,到协作和教学相长的关系、批判性的对话关系,再到相互学习、支持的伙伴关系。大学与实习学校的机构关系,从契约关系到附属协助关系,再到有机合作关系与互惠协作关系,最后发展为伙伴协作关系。研究建议,教师教育者应观照教育理论研究与中小学教育实践的关联,设计多样化实践学习形式,寻求多方利益相关者的合力扩大实习场域,发展平等互惠的U-S伙伴协作关系。

In different historical periods of the development of initial teacher education,apprenticeship,applied Science,laboratory,inquiry-oriented and integrated practicum view have promoted the revolution of practicum mode.The relationship between theory and practice has changed,from the separation to the unilateral instrumental relationship,and then to mutual penetration,and thus reaching the bidirectional integration.The content of pre-service teachers'practical learning has changed from immediate skill toformal knowledge created by educational research,gradually developed into intellectual principles,practical knowledge,and finally to integrated practical knowledge.The practical learning approach of pre-service teachers has changed from observation and imitation to theory transformation,then to thinking training,reflection and inquiry,and finally to mutual learning in the community of practice.The interpersonal relationship between pre-service teachers and mentor teachers has changed from the supervision to authority and passive acceptance,to supportive collaboration,critical dialogue,and then to professional learning community.The institutional relationship between the university and host school has evolved from contractual one to ancillary assistance relationship,organic cooperation and reciprocal cooperation,and finally to partnership.The study suggests that teacher educators should pay attention to the correlation between academic theoretical research and educational practice in primary and secondary schools,design diversified practical learning activities,seek the joint efforts of multiple stakeholders to expand the internship field,and develop a collaborative and equal U-S partnership.