美国PreK-12年级技术与工程素养标准解读与启示

The Interpretation of the Standards of Technological and Engineering Literacy for PreK-12 of the USA and Its Implications

2020年7月,美国技术与工程教育协会发布《技术与工程素养标准:STEM教育中技术与工程的作用》(STEL),该标准是2000年《技术素养标准:技术学习的内容》(STL)的修订版本。STEL提出了由技术与工程核心标准和基准、技术与工程实践、技术与工程情境建构的技术与工程素养新框架。核心学科标准和基准规定了学生在技术与工程教育中应知应会的内容。技术和工程实践包括系统思维、创造力、制作、批判性思维、乐观、合作、沟通与关注伦理,体现出所有学生需要展现的技术与工程关键能力和个性特性。技术与工程情境描述了最适合核心标准和实践应用的技术与工程内容领域。同2000年STL相比,STEL在制定中秉持开放式的“大概念”理念,减少了标准数量,关注核心标准,体现出技术教育和工程教育整合的趋势,并强调通过工程设计与工程思维实现二者整合,在标准框架中纳入技术与工程实践,明确了技术与工程教育的跨学科性及其在STEM教育中的学科整合作用。批判性地借鉴STEL经验,应反思我国在K(幼儿园)-12年级技术与工程教育整合中存在的不足,建立K-12年级连贯的技术与工程教育体系,重视培养学生的乐观精神,提倡技术与工程素养标准的制定及使用与其他学科标准相联系,并在标准的制定中发扬民主与协作精神。

In July 2020,the International Technology and Engineering Educators Association(ITEEA)published the Standards for Technological and Engineering Literacy:Defining the Role of Technology and Engineering in STEM Education(STEL),which serves as a revised edition of the Standards fo r Technological Literacy(STL):Content fo r the Study of Technology published in 2000.STEL provides a new framework for technological and engineering literacy which consists of eight technological and engineering core standards,eight technological and engineering practices and eight technological and engineering contexts.Core discipline standards and benchmarks define what students should know and do by receiving technology and engineering education.Technological and engineering practices include systems thinking,creativity,making and doing,critical thinking,optimism,collaboration,communication,and attention to ethics,which reflect the key technological and engineering abilities and personality traits that all students need to demonstrate.The technological and engineering contexts describe the content areas that are suitable for the applications of the core standards and practices.Compared with STL,STEL shows the following features:(a)STEL focuses on core standards,and the number of standards has been reduced,which is influenced by the open-ended big ideas,(b)it reflects the trend of the integration of technology education and engineering education,which is realized by engineering design and engineering thinking patterns(c)eight technological and engineering practices has been added to construct STEL,and(d)STEL identifies the interdisciplinary nature of technology and engineering education and defines its role as a disciplinary integrator in STEM.Drawing on STEL's experience critically,we should(a)reflect on the shortcomings that appear in the integration of technology and engineering education in China,and(b)establish a coherent curriculum system of technology and engineering education from preschool to senior high school,(c)more attention should be paid to cultivate students’optimism spirits,(d)the formulation and use of technology and engineering literacy standards should be related to other disciplinary standards,and(e)the spirits of democracy and collaboration should be promoted in the establishment of standard documents.