摘要
[背景]新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类被广泛应用的新型杀虫剂。现有研究表明该类杀虫剂具有内分泌干扰效应,可影响性激素稳态,但有关儿童青少年的流行病学研究较少。[目的]评估儿童青少年新烟碱类杀虫剂的暴露水平及其与性激素水平的相关性。[方法]本研究基于美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES)的公开数据(2015—2016年),选取6~20岁儿童青少年中同时具有基本特征信息、6种新烟碱类杀虫剂[包括吡虫啉(IMI)、啶虫脒(ACE)、噻虫啉(THD)、噻虫胺(CLO)、N-去甲基啶虫脒(N-DMA)、5-羟基吡虫啉(5-OH-IMI)]、3种性激素[包括雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)及性激素结合蛋白(SHBG)]数据的人群(n=599)。采用高效液相色谱质谱串联法检测尿中新烟碱类杀虫剂浓度,液相色谱质谱串联法检测血清T和E2水平,电化学发光免疫法检测血清SHBG浓度。由于仅N-DMA检出率较高,故研究对象按N-DMA水平log10对数值分成3组(Q1~Q3),采用广义线性模型分析儿童青少年N-DMA暴露对性激素的影响,并分析性别修饰效应。[结果]6种新烟碱类杀虫剂检出率[N-DMA(40.7%)、5-OH-IMI(17.9%)、CLO(7.7%)、IMI(4.3%)、ACE(0.5%)、THD(0.3%)]均低于50%。N-DMA质量浓度仅P_(75)(0.39μg·L^(-1))和P_(95)(1.15μg·L^(-1))高于其检出限(0.2μg·L^(-1));5-OH-IMI质量浓度仅P_(95)(1.10μg·L^(-1))高于其检出限(0.4μg·L^(-1));CLO质量浓度仅P_(95)(0.40μg·L^(-1))高于其检出限(0.2μg·L^(-1));IMI、ACE和THD四分位数均低于检出限(0.4μg·L^(-1)、0.3μg·L^(-1)、0.03μg·L^(-1))。N-DMA、5-OH-IMI和CLO检出浓度存在季节性差异,夏秋季高于冬春季(P<0.05)。广义线性模型显示,以Q1组为参照,N-DMA在Q3组中与血清T呈负相关(b=-0.12,95%CI:-0.22~-0.02),在Q2和Q3组中与血清SHBG均呈正相关(b=0.05,95%CI:0~0.09;b=0.08,95%CI:0.04~0.13),且均存在剂量-反应关系(P_(趋势)=0.023、<0.001)。性别分层后,N-DMA在男性Q3组中与血清T呈负相关(b=-0.15,95%CI:-0.29~0)、与血清E2呈负相关(b=-0.07,95%CI:-0.13~0),且均存在剂量-反应关系(P_(趋势)=0.042、0.032)。N-DMA在男性Q2和Q3组中与血清SHBG均呈正相关(b=0.06,95%CI:0.01~0.11;b=0.07,95%CI:0.02~0.13),且存在剂量-反应关系(P_(趋势)=0.010)。在女性中未观察到这些关联。[结论]美国儿童青少年新烟碱类杀虫剂暴露水平较低,其中代谢物检出率高于原物。ACE代谢物N-DMA暴露与儿童青少年血清T下降、SHBG水平上升有关,且存在性别差异,提示新烟碱类杀虫剂暴露可能影响儿童青少年体内的性激素水平。
[Background]As a new class of insecticides,neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used around the world.Recent studies have found that neonicotinoid insecticides have endocrine disrupting effects which can affect the homeostasis of sex hormones,but there are few epidemiological studies on children and adolescents.[Objective]This study is conducted to explore the associations between neonicotinoid insecticides exposure and serum sex hormones among children and adolescents.[Methods]This study was based on the public online data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)(2015-2016).A total of 599 children and adolescents at 6-20 years of age were finally enrolled,who had basic characteristic information and test data of six neonicotinoid insecticides[imidacloprid(IMI),acetamiprid(ACE),thiacloprid(THD),clothiandin(CLO),N-desmethylacetamiprid(N-DMA),and 5-hydroxy imidacloprid(5-OH-IMI)]and three sex hormones[estradiol(E2),testosterone(T),and sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG)].Urine neonicotinoid pesticides were measured using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Serum T and E2 were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Serum SHBG was tested using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.Except a high detection rate of N-DMA,the detection rates of other neonicotinoid insecticides were low.Therefore,the study subjects were divided into three groups(Q1-Q3)according to the logarithmic value of N-DMA level.Generalized linear model was used to analyze the association between N-DMA exposure and sex hormones in all participants and different genders.[Results]The detection rates of the 6 neonicotinoid insecticides[N-DMA(40.7%),5-OH-IMI(17.9%),CLO(7.7%),IMI(4.3%),ACE(0.5%),and THD(0.3%)]were all lower than 50%.Only the P_(75)(0.39μg·L^(-1))and P_(95)(1.15μg·L^(-1))of N-DMA concentration were higher than its detection limit(0.2μg·L^(-1));only the P_(95)(1.1μg·L^(-1))of 5-OH-IMI concentration was higher than its detection limit(0.4μg·L^(-1));only the P_(95)(0.4μg·L^(-1))of CLO concentration was higher than its detection limit(0.2μg·L^(-1));the IMI,ACE,and THD quartiles were all lower than their detection limits(0.4μg·L^(-1),0.3μg·L^(-1),and 0.03μg·L^(-1)respectively).There were seasonal differences in the concentrations of N-DMA,5-OH-IMI,and CLO,namely higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring(P<0.05).The generalized linear model results showed that the N-DMA was negatively correlated with serum T(b=-0.12,95%CI:-0.22﹣-0.02)in the Q3 group,while positively correlated with serum SHBG(b=0.05,95%CI:0-0.09;b=0.08,95%CI:0.04-0.13)in the Q2 and Q3 groups when taking the Q1 group as reference,and these two associations both had a dose-response trend(P_(trend)=0.023 and<0.001).After gender stratification,the N-DMA in the Q3 group was negatively correlated with boys'serum T(b=-0.15,95%CI:-0.29-0)and serum E2(b=-0.07,95%CI:-0.13-0),and both had a dose-response trend(P_(trend)=0.042 and 0.032).The N-DMA in the Q2 and Q3 groups was positively correlated with boys'serum SHBG(b=0.06,95%CI:0.01-0.11;b=0.07,95%CI:0.02-0.13),and there was a dose-response trend(P_(trend)=0.010).However,none of these associations were observed in girls.[Conclusion]The exposure level of neonicotinoid insecticides in American children and adolescents is relatively low,and the detection rates of metabolites are higher than those of the parents.Exposure to N-DMA,a metabolite of ACE,may be related to the decrease in T levels and the increase in SHBG levels in children and adolescents.Moreover,there are gender differences.These findings indicate that exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides may affect the levels of sex hormones in children and adolescents.
作者
余晋霞
吕铖
汪子夏
田英
高宇
YU Jinxia;LYU Cheng;WANG Zixia;TIAN Ying;GAO Yu(Department of Environmental Health,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health,Shanghai 200025,China;MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health,Xinhua Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200092,China)
出处
《环境与职业医学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第3期223-230,237,共9页
Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
基金
国家自然科学基金(41991314)
上海市公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划(2020—2022年)
优青计划(GWV-10.2-YQ20)
上海市公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划(2020—2022年)
重点学科计划(GWV-10.1-XK11)。
关键词
新烟碱类杀虫剂
N-去甲基啶虫脒
美国国家健康和营养调查
儿童青少年
性激素
内分泌干扰
neonicotinoid insecticides
N-desmethyl-acetamiprid
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
children and adolescents
sex hormone
endocrine disruption