基于X射线谱学和操作链分析的煤山遗址出土陶器综合研究

Comprehensive Research on the Pottery From Meishan Site Based on X-Ray Spectroscopy and Operation Chain Analysis

采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱(ED-XRF)技术结合考古学常用的陶器操作链研究模式,对河南汝州煤山遗址出土的陶器遗存开展制作工艺和文化传承关系的综合研究。煤山遗址位于河南省汝州市(原为临汝县)北刘庄村,是研究中原地区新石器时代向文明国家转变的代表性遗址,出土了龙山时代的王湾三期文化(BC2300—BC1900)和具备早期国家形态的二里头文化(BC1750—BC1500)两个重要阶段大量具有典型考古学文化特点的陶器遗存,可以据此较为深入理解距今4000年前后社会复杂化进程和国家起源等重大问题。因此,对该遗址出土陶器的多学科综合研究具有极高的学术价值和文化意义。对煤山遗址出土具有不同文化类型的陶器样本进行化学组成与物理性能分析,将分析结果与陶器操作链分析相结合,进行比对分析。针对煤山遗址陶器遗存,谱学分析结果显示,不同时期考古学文化在制陶原料的选择上差异不大,具有同源性,暗示虽然文化类型不同,但其对粘土的认识和选择具有高度一致性。陶器操作链分析结果显示,虽然新石器时代的王湾三期文化年代较早,但其陶器制作工艺却较晚期的二里头文化更先进,体现了中原地区文化演进过程中既连续又摇摆的发展特点。陶器操作链分析可以反映文化内容的特征性和继承性,在使用谱学分析排除了原料与烧制影响后,对其所提取的信息具有更强的说服力和可比性。综合研究表明,将谱学分析和陶器操作链分析相结合,开展多学科对比和综合研究,可以更好的排除干扰,获取更为扎实且客观的认识,并为考古学文化演进研究提供重要的科学依据。

In this paper,Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(ED-XRF)technology is used in conjunction with the operation chain analysis of the pottery process commonly used in archaeological circles to develop the production process and cultural heritage of the pottery remains unearthed from the Meishan site in Ruzhou,Henan province.The Meishan site is located in Liuzhuang Village,North of Ruzhou City,Henan Province(formerly Linru County).It is a representative site in the Central Plains for studying the Neolithic period to the civilized state stage.There are a large amount of pottery remains with typical archaeological cultural characteristics from the WangwanⅢculture(BC2300—BC1900)to the state form of Erlitou culture(BC1750—BC1500),which can provide a deeper understanding of major issues such as the process of social complexity and the origin of the state around 4000 years ago.Therefore,the comprehensive multi-disciplinary study of the pottery unearthed at the site has extremely high academic value and cultural significance.This paper analyzes the chemical composition and physical properties of pottery samples of different cultural types unearthed from the Meishan site and combines the analysis results with the pottery operation chain analysis for comparative analysis.Aiming at the pottery remains of Meishan site,the results of spectrum analysis show that the archaeological cultures in different periods have little difference in the selection of pottery raw materials and have the same origin,suggesting that although the cultural types are different,their understanding and selection of clay are highly consistency.The results of the pottery operation chain analysis show that although the Neolithic Wangwan PhaseⅢculture was earlier,its pottery production process is more advanced than the late Erlitou culture,reflecting the continuous and swaying development in the cultural evolution of the Central Plains region.Pottery operation chain analysis can reflect the characteristics and inheritance of cultural content.After using the spectroscopic analysis to exclude the influence of raw materials and firing temperature,the information extracted by it is more persuasive and comparable.Comprehensive research shows that combining spectroscopy analysis and pottery operation chain analysis to carry out multi-disciplinary comparison and comprehensive research can better eliminate interference,obtain a more solid and objective understanding,and provide important research for archaeological cultural evolution.