氢气的制取与固体储集研究进展

Research progress on hydrogen production and solid hydrogen storage

氢气是一种优质燃料,也是一种清洁和可持续的能源。目前全球氢能发展已迈入新的阶段,欧美日韩和我国都在加紧战略布局。为了加快构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系,通过文献调研的方式研究了氢气在地下的生成机制及分布、氢气的人工制取及储集尤其是固体储氢等若干问题。研究结果表明:①氢气在地下的生成机制目前尚未明确,被认为主要与超镁铁质岩的蛇纹石化有关,此外也与水的辐射分解、断层机械摩擦等有关,氢气浓度高的气田主要分布在大陆裂谷系、火山岩广泛分布的沉积盆地等;②目前工业制氢主要采用甲烷气制氢和电解水制氢,而最理想的方法则应为太阳能制氢和生物制氢,但在目前的技术条件下还难以达成,实验室在一定的温度、压力条件下可以通过橄榄岩的蛇纹石化得到氢气;③固体储氢是通过吸附氢气或使氢气与材料反应来达到储氢目的的方式,然后通过加热或减压方式来释放氢气;④固态储氢密度可达相同温度、压力条件下气态储氢的1000倍左右,能很好地解决传统储氢密度低的问题且吸放氢速度适宜,具有安全性高的优点,目前的固态储氢材料主要有碳质储氢材料、合金储氢材料和络合物储氢材料等。结论认为,氢能产业目前在我国尚处于起步阶段,技术和成本是决定制氢和储氢的关键因素;基于现状,应将氢能与可再生能源技术有机结合,以实现“灰氢”到“绿氢”的转化。

Hydrogen is a kind of high-quality fuel,as well as a kind of clean and sustainable energy.At present,global hydrogen energy development has entered a new stage,and Europe,America,Japan,South Korea and China are stepping up their strategic layout.In order to establish a low-carbon,clean,safe and efficient energy system as soon as possible,this paper studied the generation mechanisms and distribution of hydrogen underground,the artificial hydrogen production and storage(especially solid hydrogen storage)and other problems by means of literature research.And the following research results were obtained.First,the generation mechanism of hydrogen underground is not clarified yet,but it is deemed to be mainly related to the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks,as well as the radiation decomposition of water and the mechanical friction of faults.The gas fields with high hydrogen concentration are mainly distributed in continental rift systems and sedimentary basins where volcanic rocks are widely distributed.Second,at present,the industrial hydrogen production is mainly based on methane gas and electrolysis water,but the most ideal methods should be solar hydrogen production and biological hydrogen production,which can be hardly achieved under the current technical conditions.Hydrogen can be produced by the serpentinization of peridotite under certain temperature and pressure in the laboratory.Third,solid hydrogen storage is realized by absorbing hydrogen or making hydrogen react with materials and then releasing it through heating or depressurization.Fourth,the density of solid hydrogen storage is about 1000 times that of gas hydrogen storage under the same temperature and pressure,so solid hydrogen storage can well solve the problem of low density of traditional hydrogen storage.Moreover,it has the advantages of appropriate hydrogen absorption and desorption rate and high safety.The current solid hydrogen storage materials mainly include carbon hydrogen storage materials,alloy hydrogen storage materials and complex hydrogen storage materials.In conclusion,hydrogen energy industry is currently in the beginning stage in China,and technology and cost are the key factors of hydrogen production and storage.In view of current situations,it is necessary to combine hydrogen energy with renewable energy technologies,so as to realize the transformation of"grey hydrogen"into"green hydrogen".