逐层沉淀与人才捕获:城市竞争下的差异化落户

Layer by Layer Precipitation and Talent Capture:Differentiated Settlement under Urban Competition

发展导向的城市之间正面临着越来越激烈的竞争形势。我国的城市发展方针与户籍制度改革设计的初衷是实现不同地区、不同城市之间的均衡发展,然而,在严格的城市等级管理体系下,城市政府正在利用差异化落户政策实现逆向资源分配。差异化落户政策将流动人口划分为不同层次的“人才”:级别越高的城市,在资源分配中的权力越大,越能够利用其高“含金量”的户籍优势捕获高层次人才,中等城市获得次一级的人才,小城镇则只能吸引一般的农民工,从而形成逐层沉淀与资源分配机制。这种机制导致人口向公共资源越好的城市而不是向市场效率更高的城市移动;容易产生“劫贫济富”效应,即越需要资源发展的中小城市,其获得的资源越少;也可能导致“公器私用”,低级别的城市为吸引人才将公共服务特殊化,进一步扩大了弱势群体与精英群体的差距。

Development-oriented cities are facing increasingly fierce competition.The original intention of our country’s urban development policy and household registration system reform design is to achieve balanced development among different regions and cities.However,under the strict cities hierarchical management system,the city government is using differentiated settlement policies to achieve reverse resource allocation.The differentiated residency policy divides the floating population into different levels of“talents”.The higher the level of the city,the greater the power in the allocation of resources,and the more it can capture high-level talents with the higher“gold content”of the household registration advantage.Small towns can only attract ordinary migrant workers,thus forming a layer-by-layer precipitation and resource allocation mechanism.This mechanism causes the population to move to cities with better public resources rather than to cities with higher market efficiency;it is prone to“robbing the poor and helping the rich”effect.The more small and medium-sized cities that need resources for development,the less resources they get,and leading to“public equipment for private use”:low-level cities specialize in public services in order to attract talents,which further widens the gap between disadvantaged groups and elite groups.