阿尔泰语系语言的谐音词及其类型特征

Echo Reduplicative Words in Altaic Languages and Their Typological Characteristics

谐音词在阿尔泰语系语言中分布广泛,一个谐音词由词基和谐音成分共同构成,谐音成分的语音形式与词基密切相关。从构词方式来看,谐音词主要通过回音型的部分重叠方式构成,谐音成分是基于词基部分的语音交替或增减音形式,语音变化可发生在词基的任意位置,形式多样。通过谐音式构词法主要构成摹拟词、名词、形容词、副词等词类,少数语言中还有谐音叹词、谐音动词、谐音数词。功能上,谐音词主要表示名词的泛类意义、形容词等的程度增强,还可以摹拟复杂的声音和多变的状态等。阿尔泰语系语言的谐音词在构成方式上符合类型学的共性特征,但其丰富的语音形态变化现象又凸显出黏着语言的个性特点。

Echo reduplicative words are widely distributed in Altaic languages.An echo reduplicative word consists of a base and an echo component,the phonetic forms of echo components are related to the bases closely.From the word formation,Echo reduplicative words are mainly formed by means of partial reduplication.Echo components are formed by phonetic alterations with word bases or by adding or subtracting sounds on word bases.The phonetic changes can take place at any position of the word bases with various forms.Through echo reduplicative word formation,it mainly makes up onomatopoeias,nouns,adjectives and adverbs,it also makes up interjections,verbs or numerals in a few languages.Functionally,echo reduplicative words mainly express the generalized means of nouns,the degree of adjective enhancement,mimics complex sounds and varied sates.The echo reduplicative words in Altaic languages accord with the common characteristics of linguistic typology,and also highlight the individual characteristics.