从道德创伤的角度透析美军性创伤的主要根源

Main roots of American military sexual trauma from perspective of moral injury

性暴力问题是美军的一大弊病,学术探讨主要集中在心理学领域,而从伦理学尤其是道德创伤理论则是探究该现象的一种新视角。军队性创伤是基于背叛的道德创伤。背叛贯穿了军队性暴力行为由创伤事件内化为道德事件、进而造成道德创伤的全部过程。军队性创伤的负面影响巨大而持久,涵盖了心理、生理与行为等方面。与平民性创伤相比,军队性创伤的程度更甚,主要根源在于军队性创伤患者感受到更为强烈的背叛。文化、体制与社会带来的多重背叛诱发二次伤害,使幸存者难以摆脱负面道德情感。具体地,这些背叛表现为男性文化的垄断性排斥平权思想,体制结构的封闭性压制反抗行为,以及外部力量的游离性背离干预期许。从根本上讲,美军性暴力问题的解决之道是对行为不端者落实相应惩罚、让受害者得到切实保障。然而,没有哪一方决意革除积弊,美军性暴力现象仍大面积存在并不断蔓延。

Sexual violence is the malady faced by the US armed forces.Most scholar reviews on this topic are in the field of psychology.Ethics,especially moral injury theory,can be a new perspective to study this phenomenon.Military sexual trauma(MST)falls into the betrayal-based moral injury.“Betrayal”exists throughout the whole process in which a traumatic event is internalized into a moral event,and then engenders moral injury.The negative impact of MST is enormous and enduring,including mental,physical,and behavioral consequences.Compared with its civilian counterpart,MST is of greater severity.The main roots lie in the stronger betrayal felt by the MST sufferers.Cultural,institutional and societal betrayal triggers second victimization,immersing survivors in negative moral emotion.Specifically,such betrayal is presented as the dominance of masculine culture rejecting gender equality,the isolation of systematic structure suppressing insubordinate behavior,and the uncertainty of external support hindering effective intervention.The solution of sexual violence in the US military is punishing perpetrators and safeguarding victims.Nonetheless,none of the Congress,the Pentagon or the White House are determined to eradicate this epidemic.Sexual misconduct is still prevailing and widespread among the US armed forces.