“进步主义”背后的另一个面相:美国纽约市政改革中的坦慕尼协会

The Other Side of Progressivism:The Tammany Hall for Municipal Reform of New York City in U.S.A.

作为城市政治机器的代表,美国纽约市的坦慕尼协会一度被视为城市“毒瘤”,尤其在进步主义时代,改革者将其视为阻遏市政改革的罪魁祸首。这一脸谱化的负面形象在某种程度上是历史的选择性“记忆”,而坦慕尼协会对纽约城市发展的贡献却被选择性地“遗忘”。同时,坦慕尼协会的衰落并非缘于与城市进步主义运动互斥,相反,正是因为其拥抱改革,才瓦解了原有坦慕尼组织的权力网络。如果将坦慕尼协会置于更加宏观的历史视域下考察,还会发现美国政府与社会之间权力的消长,直接影响了坦慕尼协会的命运,而在其兴衰演变的过程中,美国政党政治从中获得了更大的发展空间。

Being representative of the urban political machine,the Tammany Hall in New York City was once regarded as a cancer on the city,especially during the progressive era,when reformers saw it as a deterrent to urban reform.This stereotyped negative image is actually a selective memory of history,while the contribution of Tammany Hall to the urban development of New York is selectively forgotten.At the same time,Tammany's decline was not due to its rejection of the urban progressive movement.On the contrary,Tammany's embrace of reform dismantled the original Tammany power network.If Tammany Hall is examined from a broader historical perspective,we can also see that the rise and fall of the American government and social power directly affect the fate of Tammany Hall,while in the process of its rise and fall,the American party politics has obtained a greater space for development.