部落与民族主义的竞逐——1953年法国在摩洛哥的政变与格拉维部落的兴衰

Competition between Tribes and Nationalism:The French Coup in Morocco in 1953 and the Rise and Fall of the Tribe of Glaoua

部落构成了中东社会生活的一个重要层面,是理解中东国家必不可少的视角。1953年,法国在摩洛哥发动政变,废黜了支持民族主义力量的苏丹穆罕默德五世。格拉维部落在此期间经历了兴衰起落。此次政变集中反映了摩洛哥国内部落和民族主义力量对国家政权的竞逐,是观察中东地区部落和国家间复杂逻辑关系的典型个案。摩洛哥传统势力的代表格拉维部落与国家间关系表现出复杂形态:部落利用国家力量实现崛起,部落对抗民族主义力量发动政变企图控制国家,最后部落被国家抛弃而衰落。在部落和民族主义竞逐国家政权的过程中,法国殖民者成为二者沉浮的决定性因素和制衡力量。由于部落对国家认同的脆弱性,殖民主义政权得以通过玩弄部落认同对殖民地进行分而治之。

Tribes is an indispensable perspective to understand the Middle East countries.There are three approaches to the logical relationship between tribes and states in the Middle East:tribes supporting the state,tribes opposing the state,and tribes controlling the state.In 1953,France launched a coup in Morocco to abolish the Sultan Mohammad V.During this period,the Glaoua tribe experienced ups and downs.This coup reflects the competition of the tribes and nationalist forces in Morocco for the state power.It is a typical case to explore the complex relationship between the tribes and the state in the Middle East.The relationship between the tribe of Glaoua,the representative of the traditional forces in Morocco,and the state shows a complex pattern:the tribe using the power of the state to rise,the tribe fighting against the nationalist forces attempting to control the state,and finally the tribe is abandoned by the state.In the process of tribes and nationalists competing for state power,French colonists became the decisive factor and counter balancing force.Due to the vulnerability of tribes to national identity,the colonial regime divides and governs the colonies by playing with tribe identity.